Pangong Lake
1.Pangong Lake in Ladakh
- It is one of the largest Saline lakes in Asia. Pangong Tso is a blue crystal clear lake in the barren land of Ladakh.
- It is situated at a height of 4,250 metres and covers an area of about 134 km, extending from India to Tibet. However, almost 60 per cent of the lake is located in Tibet, and the rest in India.
- In winters, despite the saline nature of the waters, the lake freezes completely.
Wular Lake
2. Wular Lake in Jammu and Kashmir
- Wular lake is one of the largest fresh water lakes in Asia and largest in India.
- Located in Jammu & Kashmir, the lake has an altitude of around 1570 metres and holds an importance for the State on basis of its biological, hydrological and socio-economic value.
- Wular was declared a Ramsar site in 1990.
- It is important for the abundant fish available and the population around it is dependent on it for food.
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Dal Lake
3. Dal Lake in Jammu and Kashmir
- Known as the jewel in the crown of Kashmir, Dal lake is one of the most famous lakes in India.
- It is located in Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir and attracts tourists from around the world.
- Shaped like a kidney, it covers an area of 7.44 km with an average depth of 1.5 metres and is also a popular bird watching site.
Chilka
4. Chilika Lake in Odisha
- It is known to be Asia’s largest saline water lake covering an area of 1165 sq km.
- Because of the biodiversity and socio-economic value it has, Chilika was designated as a Ramsar site in 1981 to afford better protection.
- It is home to a wide variety of birds with a lot of birds migrating from different parts of the world – making it a spectacular bird watching site.
Lake Pichola
5. Lake Pichola in Rajasthan
- Lake Pichola, located in the city of Udaipur, Rajasthan is named after nearby Picholi Village.
- The lake is an artificial formation, and was formed in the year 1362.
- There are some islands on the lake with palaces which provide a picturesque view of the Lake.
Sambhar Lake
6. Sambhar Salt Lake in Rajasthan
- Sambhar is also known as the “Salt Lake of Rajasthan” and is the largest inland salt lake in the country.
- The saline lake is divided by a dam to help make salt and is spread in an area of 22.5 square km
- It is a treat for bird watchers.
Loktak Lake
7. Loktak Lake in Manipur
- Loktak Lake is the largest freshwater lake in Northeast India and is located in Manipur.
- What makes this Lake different from many others is that it has floating circular swamps, known as Phumdis.
- The Lake is a lifeline for people living nearby as a source of fresh water. The Lake is home to 233 species of aquatic plants, more than 100 species of birds, and 425 species of animals, including the Indian python and sambhar.
Pushkar Lake
8. Pushkar Lake in Rajasthan
- A sacred lake of the Hindus, Pushkar Lake is of the five most sacred pilgrimage destinations for the Hindus in India. It is located in the town of Pushkar in Ajmer district of the Rajasthan
- The Pushkar Lake is semi-circular in shape and about 8-10 meters deep.
- Over 500 Hindu temples are situated around the lake precincts.
Vembanad Lake
9. Vembanad Lake in Kerala
- With 96 km in length and 14 km in width, Vembanad Lake is recognized as the longest lake in India and largest water reservoir in Kerala and the largest lake in the state of Kerala.
- A lake spanning several districts in Kerala, is known by different names in different localities viz. Punnamada Lake in Kuttanad, Kochi Lake in Kochi.
- Vembanad Lake is the place known for its serenity, peace and the aquatic animals that breed here. Houseboat ride in Vembanad Lake will take tourist to the Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary and small islands around it.
Bhimtal
10. Bhimtal Lake in Uttarakhand
- Bhimtal lake is 1701 meter in length, 451 meter in width and has a depth of 18 meters.
- It is located at a distance of 22 km from Nainital at an altitude of 1370 meters.
- The Lake is spread across 63.25 hectares of area with an island at the centre of the lake.
- It is a perennial lake which not only supports a large variety of aquatic life but is a winter stopover for Trans Himalayan birds.
Recent Posts
- In the Large States category (overall), Chhattisgarh ranks 1st, followed by Odisha and Telangana, whereas, towards the bottom are Maharashtra at 16th, Assam at 17th and Gujarat at 18th. Gujarat is one State that has seen startling performance ranking 5th in the PAI 2021 Index outperforming traditionally good performing States like Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, but ranks last in terms of Delta
- In the Small States category (overall), Nagaland tops, followed by Mizoram and Tripura. Towards the tail end of the overall Delta ranking is Uttarakhand (9th), Arunachal Pradesh (10th) and Meghalaya (11th). Nagaland despite being a poor performer in the PAI 2021 Index has come out to be the top performer in Delta, similarly, Mizoram’s performance in Delta is also reflected in it’s ranking in the PAI 2021 Index
- In terms of Equity, in the Large States category, Chhattisgarh has the best Delta rate on Equity indicators, this is also reflected in the performance of Chhattisgarh in the Equity Pillar where it ranks 4th. Following Chhattisgarh is Odisha ranking 2nd in Delta-Equity ranking, but ranks 17th in the Equity Pillar of PAI 2021. Telangana ranks 3rd in Delta-Equity ranking even though it is not a top performer in this Pillar in the overall PAI 2021 Index. Jharkhand (16th), Uttar Pradesh (17th) and Assam (18th) rank at the bottom with Uttar Pradesh’s performance in line with the PAI 2021 Index
- Odisha and Nagaland have shown the best year-on-year improvement under 12 Key Development indicators.
- In the 60:40 division States, the top three performers are Kerala, Goa and Tamil Nadu and, the bottom three performers are Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and Bihar.
- In the 90:10 division States, the top three performers were Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Mizoram; and, the bottom three performers are Manipur, Assam and Meghalaya.
- Among the 60:40 division States, Orissa, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are the top three performers and Tamil Nadu, Telangana and Delhi appear as the bottom three performers.
- Among the 90:10 division States, the top three performers are Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland; and, the bottom three performers are Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh
- Among the 60:40 division States, Goa, West Bengal and Delhi appear as the top three performers and Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Bihar appear as the bottom three performers.
- Among the 90:10 division States, Mizoram, Himachal Pradesh and Tripura were the top three performers and Jammu & Kashmir, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh were the bottom three performers
- West Bengal, Bihar and Tamil Nadu were the top three States amongst the 60:40 division States; while Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan appeared as the bottom three performers
- In the case of 90:10 division States, Mizoram, Assam and Tripura were the top three performers and Nagaland, Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand featured as the bottom three
- Among the 60:40 division States, the top three performers are Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa and the bottom three performers are Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and Goa
- In the 90:10 division States, the top three performers are Mizoram, Sikkim and Nagaland and the bottom three performers are Manipur and Assam
In a diverse country like India, where each State is socially, culturally, economically, and politically distinct, measuring Governance becomes increasingly tricky. The Public Affairs Index (PAI 2021) is a scientifically rigorous, data-based framework that measures the quality of governance at the Sub-national level and ranks the States and Union Territories (UTs) of India on a Composite Index (CI).
States are classified into two categories – Large and Small – using population as the criteria.
In PAI 2021, PAC defined three significant pillars that embody Governance – Growth, Equity, and Sustainability. Each of the three Pillars is circumscribed by five governance praxis Themes.
The themes include – Voice and Accountability, Government Effectiveness, Rule of Law, Regulatory Quality and Control of Corruption.
At the bottom of the pyramid, 43 component indicators are mapped to 14 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that are relevant to the States and UTs.
This forms the foundation of the conceptual framework of PAI 2021. The choice of the 43 indicators that go into the calculation of the CI were dictated by the objective of uncovering the complexity and multidimensional character of development governance
The Equity Principle
The Equity Pillar of the PAI 2021 Index analyses the inclusiveness impact at the Sub-national level in the country; inclusiveness in terms of the welfare of a society that depends primarily on establishing that all people feel that they have a say in the governance and are not excluded from the mainstream policy framework.
This requires all individuals and communities, but particularly the most vulnerable, to have an opportunity to improve or maintain their wellbeing. This chapter of PAI 2021 reflects the performance of States and UTs during the pandemic and questions the governance infrastructure in the country, analysing the effectiveness of schemes and the general livelihood of the people in terms of Equity.
Growth and its Discontents
Growth in its multidimensional form encompasses the essence of access to and the availability and optimal utilisation of resources. By resources, PAI 2021 refer to human resources, infrastructure and the budgetary allocations. Capacity building of an economy cannot take place if all the key players of growth do not drive development. The multiplier effects of better health care, improved educational outcomes, increased capital accumulation and lower unemployment levels contribute magnificently in the growth and development of the States.
The Pursuit Of Sustainability
The Sustainability Pillar analyses the access to and usage of resources that has an impact on environment, economy and humankind. The Pillar subsumes two themes and uses seven indicators to measure the effectiveness of government efforts with regards to Sustainability.
The Curious Case Of The Delta
The Delta Analysis presents the results on the State performance on year-on-year improvement. The rankings are measured as the Delta value over the last five to 10 years of data available for 12 Key Development Indicators (KDI). In PAI 2021, 12 indicators across the three Pillars of Equity (five indicators), Growth (five indicators) and Sustainability (two indicators). These KDIs are the outcome indicators crucial to assess Human Development. The Performance in the Delta Analysis is then compared to the Overall PAI 2021 Index.
Key Findings:-
In the Scheme of Things
The Scheme Analysis adds an additional dimension to ranking of the States on their governance. It attempts to complement the Governance Model by trying to understand the developmental activities undertaken by State Governments in the form of schemes. It also tries to understand whether better performance of States in schemes reflect in better governance.
The Centrally Sponsored schemes that were analysed are National Health Mission (NHM), Umbrella Integrated Child Development Services scheme (ICDS), Mahatma Gandh National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SmSA) and MidDay Meal Scheme (MDMS).
National Health Mission (NHM)
INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICES (ICDS)
MID- DAY MEAL SCHEME (MDMS)
SAMAGRA SHIKSHA ABHIYAN (SMSA)
MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME (MGNREGS)