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Questions:-
1. Recently in the run up to Paris climate summit (COP21), Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) was in news .What do you understand by INDCs? Discuss India’s contribution towards it.
2. Recently Government of India has released National Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Policy, 2016. In this context, discuss the objectives of National Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Policy, 2016 and critically comment on its efficacy.
3. What do you understand by “Left wing extremism”? Discuss the challenges emanating from it to our internal security and suggest measures to tackle the issues.
4. Recently the state of Jammu & Kashmir was in news for all the wrong reasons. Discuss the root causes behind repeated bouts of unrest in this region. In your opinion, what should be the appropriate response from the governments to ensure long lasting peace in the valley?
5. What is the importance of “Net Neutrality”? Discuss its impacts and enumerate the recent policy changes with regard to it and its significance.
6. What do you understand by “Blue Carbon Initiative”? Discuss its significance in combating climate change.
7. What are the impact of climate change on the oceans and oceanic ecosystem? Discuss “ocean acidification” and its effects on the globe in detail.
8. With the rising tide of consumerism and recent revolution in electronics industry have meant that e-wastes are increasingly posing grave challenges to human and environment. The issue of proper management of e-wastes, therefore, is critical to the protection of livelihood, health and environment. Discuss.
9. Recently released UN report has highlighted the human cost of weather related disasters .Discuss.
Also comment on the significance of Sendai Framework for disaster risk reduction.
10. What are “Superbugs”? Discuss how increasing threat of superbugs is a grave danger to the public health and suggest a way forward.
11. Discuss the role of social media in globalizing the terrorism. Suggest measures to counter the propaganda of terrorists.
12. Space technology is increasingly changing the method and means of administration. In light of this,discuss the importance of space technology to bring a paradigm shift in rural economy of India.
13. Increasing anthropogenic intervention in natural processes is transforming rainfall, rather a “natural event” to a “man-made disaster”. In light of this discuss the reasons behind rising instances of urban floods in India and suggest measures to tackle it.
14. With Indian Neutrino Observatory, India is poised to take its rightful place at the helm of neutrino research.Enumerate the significances and advantages of Neutrino research.
15. The cyber world is increasingly becoming important as a governing tool and at the same time it is increasingly being threatened. In light of this discuss the importance of cyber security and India’s preparedness to ensure a safe cyber world.
16. What do you understand by “Money Laundering”? Discuss the various measures brought out by Government of India in order to tackle it.
17. The success of “Digital India” lies is “Digital literacy”. Elucidate.
18. What is “Nano-technology”? Bring out its benefits and applications.
19. Enumerate the reasons behind man-animal conflict. Suggest public policy measures to tackle this issue with “care” so that there can be harmony in co-existence.
20. What do you understand by “Designer babies”? Bring out the various issues attached with it. Discuss its potential benefits.
Thank You
UPSCTREE Team
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Petrol in India is cheaper than in countries like Hong Kong, Germany and the UK but costlier than in China, Brazil, Japan, the US, Russia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, a Bank of Baroda Economics Research report showed.
Rising fuel prices in India have led to considerable debate on which government, state or central, should be lowering their taxes to keep prices under control.
The rise in fuel prices is mainly due to the global price of crude oil (raw material for making petrol and diesel) going up. Further, a stronger dollar has added to the cost of crude oil.
Amongst comparable countries (per capita wise), prices in India are higher than those in Vietnam, Kenya, Ukraine, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Venezuela. Countries that are major oil producers have much lower prices.
In the report, the Philippines has a comparable petrol price but has a per capita income higher than India by over 50 per cent.
Countries which have a lower per capita income like Kenya, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and Venezuela have much lower prices of petrol and hence are impacted less than India.
“Therefore there is still a strong case for the government to consider lowering the taxes on fuel to protect the interest of the people,” the report argued.
India is the world’s third-biggest oil consuming and importing nation. It imports 85 per cent of its oil needs and so prices retail fuel at import parity rates.
With the global surge in energy prices, the cost of producing petrol, diesel and other petroleum products also went up for oil companies in India.
They raised petrol and diesel prices by Rs 10 a litre in just over a fortnight beginning March 22 but hit a pause button soon after as the move faced criticism and the opposition parties asked the government to cut taxes instead.
India imports most of its oil from a group of countries called the ‘OPEC +’ (i.e, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Russia, etc), which produces 40% of the world’s crude oil.
As they have the power to dictate fuel supply and prices, their decision of limiting the global supply reduces supply in India, thus raising prices
The government charges about 167% tax (excise) on petrol and 129% on diesel as compared to US (20%), UK (62%), Italy and Germany (65%).
The abominable excise duty is 2/3rd of the cost, and the base price, dealer commission and freight form the rest.
Here is an approximate break-up (in Rs):
a)Base Price | 39 |
b)Freight | 0.34 |
c) Price Charged to Dealers = (a+b) | 39.34 |
d) Excise Duty | 40.17 |
e) Dealer Commission | 4.68 |
f) VAT | 25.35 |
g) Retail Selling Price | 109.54 |
Looked closely, much of the cost of petrol and diesel is due to higher tax rate by govt, specifically excise duty.
So the question is why government is not reducing the prices ?
India, being a developing country, it does require gigantic amount of funding for its infrastructure projects as well as welfare schemes.
However, we as a society is yet to be tax-compliant. Many people evade the direct tax and that’s the reason why govt’s hands are tied. Govt. needs the money to fund various programs and at the same time it is not generating enough revenue from direct taxes.
That’s the reason why, govt is bumping up its revenue through higher indirect taxes such as GST or excise duty as in the case of petrol and diesel.
Direct taxes are progressive as it taxes according to an individuals’ income however indirect tax such as excise duty or GST are regressive in the sense that the poorest of the poor and richest of the rich have to pay the same amount.
Does not matter, if you are an auto-driver or owner of a Mercedes, end of the day both pay the same price for petrol/diesel-that’s why it is regressive in nature.
But unlike direct tax where tax evasion is rampant, indirect tax can not be evaded due to their very nature and as long as huge no of Indians keep evading direct taxes, indirect tax such as excise duty will be difficult for the govt to reduce, because it may reduce the revenue and hamper may programs of the govt.