Climate Change in the Himalayas is a major topic of worry for climate watchers in the Subcontinent and across the world. The Himalayas have the largest deposits of snow and ice in the world outside the Polar Regions and is often referred to as the ‘Third Pole’ and also as the ‘Water Tower of Asia’.
Climate Change in the Himalayas: The Basic Possible Impacts
The issue of Climate Change in the Himalayas is drawing forward many observations, with observations of warming in the Himalayas indicating that mean temperatures are rising with a higher rate in the Nepalese as well as the Chinese side of the Himalayas, which is accompanied with higher warming in the Himalayas overall relative to some other regions of the world. Experts are worried over what climate change might entail for the Himalayan region.
In the western Indian Himalayas, a declining trend has also been observed for the monsoons with an increasing trend in the eastern Indian Himalayas. In many parts of the Tibetan Plateau, increased stream flow and precipitation have been observed. Glaciers in both the eastern and the western Himalayas however, are mostly retreating, although for now the majority of glaciers such as the Karakoram are stable or are advancing at a slow pace. The expansion of glacial lakes is also being reported, most notably in Nepal and Bhutan.
With predictions for increases in overall temperature and monsoon precipitation due to Climate Change, with reduced winter precipitation in the future, it is expected that glacial discharge will eventually lessen, leading to long term shortages in water supply in glaciated basins. This could lead to shortages of water for example for irrigation and hydro-power generation. In the short term devastating economic losses could entail from more intense flooding – the most common natural calamity in the Subcontinent.
Xu et al. (2009) analyzed Climate Change trends and concluded that they indicate that the impacts of Climate Change in the Himalayas could lead to an eventual cascading effect on all regions affected by the Himalayas. There are indications that Climate Change in the Himalayas could entail a number of effects, including the availability of water in terms of the amounts of water withheld or discharged, that could also be dependent on altered seasonality.
Biodiversity could also be affected, in terms of effects on endemics species populations and their distribution and also in terms of altered relationships between predator and prey. Ecosystem boundary shifts could also be observed, especially in the case of changes in the ecosystems at high elevation and in movements and alterations to tree-lines. Global feedback systems could also be affected, and monsoonal shifts and losses in terms of soil carbon could for example be observed. Climate Change in the Himalayas could also have socio-economic impacts such as changes due to altered water supplies and changes in agricultural production.
Observations and Projections
Although the most frequently reported impact of Climate Change in the Himalayas is glacial retreat, and its implications for the flow of water downstream, there can be numerous other possible impacts due to Climate Change in the Himalayas. As described above, Climate Change can have numerous other cascading effects on the Himalayas and its connected regions if we factor in other concomitant effects of Climate Change in the Himalayas such as changes in precipitation, habitats, the carbon cycle, etc.
In a major prediction in terms of Climate Change in the Himalayas, the IPCC is reported to have controversially stated that Himalayan glaciers are receding faster than in any other part of the world and predicted that they would disappear by 2035 if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate. This was followed by a rebuttal by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, GoI that a large mountain glacier would take between 100 to 1000 years to respond to warming.
Observations of the wastage of Himalayan glaciers are difficult and as such of rate of Himalayan glacier retreat because of the considerable difficulties posed by the high altitudes and the remoteness of the Himalayan region. It is this lack of comprehensive observational data that has led to certain speculations based on in situ observations and simulated projections of climate change. The associations used are usually of well observed glaciers and their working under Euro-American climes. This method is inadequate in some site-specific queries and can be overlooked such as the impacts on surface albedo by the seasonal cycle of precipitation which can in turn impact the retreat of Himalayan glaciers.
It is observed that glaciers, snow and ice that cover over 17 per cent of the Greater Himalayas are receding at a faster rate than in the rest of the world. This rate has witnessed an increase in recent years, and if warming continues at the current rate, studies indicate that Climate Change in the Himalayas could entail as a possible long term effect, an 80 per cent shrinkage of glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau by 2030.
The processes in turn that determine their run off and flow downstream are complex, but some general predictions can be made when it comes to the question of discharge. It is most likely that increased warming and the corresponding melting will lead to increased discharge in the short term. However, over time as the retreat of glaciers and frozen material becomes more complete, it is expected that discharge will become more limited, particularly in the event that decreased precipitation takes place.
In terms of the impacts of Climate Change in the Himalayas on precipitation and moisture, there can be various influences depending on the location of sites in the Greater Himalayas and their distance from sources of moisture. A variety of other determinants have also to be taken into account however, such as global systems of atmospheric circulation, orographic influences, etc. More intense precipitation can increase the risk of water-related hazards such as landslides, flash floods and flow of debris in the Himalayas, and these are projected to increase in frequency as precipitation becomes more intense in certain locations. The decrease in frozen material in the long term is also expected to influence precipitation, with a shorter dry season expected to bring about massive changes to flora and fauna.
Biodiversity can also be a flag-point issue with biodiversity in the Himalayan region being higher than the global average. Changes in hydrological patterns can affect biodiversity, especially among plants in the eastern Himalayas, a region having the richest plant biodiversity. One of the earliest responses to Climate Change in the Himalayas could be changes in plant phenology, or the life cycle of plants and associated species. Plant reproduction for example, could be impacted by warmer temperatures in terms of the time in which leaf flush and flowering occur. Rhododendrons in the Himalayas for example, are flowering a month earlier than usual. Disruptions in relationships with pollinators could also adversely impact alpine plants and animal species dependent on these plants. The shortened length of the dry season could also become an issue and in some cases, flowering might fail to initiate, especially at the lower altitudes.
It is also very likely that pest populations such as those of locusts and grasshoppers could increase with the increase in temperatures. With the onset of more the more palpable effects of Climate Change in the Himalayas, changed predator-prey relations could also become a feature, with increases or decreases in the populations of multiple species, leading to changed equations in the food web. Apart from plants, observations show that existing species are tracking climactic shifts and are shifting in terms of their geographical distribution. However, broader geographical migration does not present as vast a scope in the Himalayas because of topographical limitations. Studies of Himalayan species must keep track of these shifts in populations, which are also expected to be influenced by plant adaptations.
With the composition and distribution of vegetation types in the Himalayas expected to change due to changes in the water cycle and plant phenology, the species most likely to be palpably affected by this shift are endemic species found mostly at the higher altitudes. Species endemism increases with an increase in altitude in the Himalayas. It is expected that with a 1oC rise in temperature, isotherms could shift by about 160 m in altitude, which could severely affect higher altitude alpine ecosystems. Between 1923 and 2003 photographs indicate that northwest Yunnan witnessed a rise in the tree line by 67 m and in tree limits by 45 m.
All these represent the tip of the iceberg of what could become the cascading effects of Climate Change in the Himalayas leading to certain fundamental alterations to ecosystems in the Himalayas. It is not possible at this time to enumerate all of the associated responses, and we have touched upon what could be the immediate cause and effect correlations that could be possible.
The Eastern Himalayas in the Present Scenario
The range of the eastern Himalayas extends from the Kaligandaki Valley in central Nepal to northwestern Yunnan in China. In India, the Eastern Himalayas comprise of parts of the north-eastern states, Sikkim and the Himalayan region of North Bengal.
The region in total consists of 3 global biodiversity hotspots. The difference in altitudes over short distances can exhibit ecosystems ranging from tropical lowlands to cold deserts in high mountains with an incredible biodiversity in vegetation. Out of this biodiversity, a high proportion of species of flora and fauna in the eastern Himalayas are endemic species. Many of these species are largely unique to their habitats, especially in India’s north eastern states.
Consistent warming trends have been observed in the eastern Himalayas in the last 100 years. It is observed that with the rise in temperatures, a decline is being observed in areas under permafrost and glaciers in the eastern Himalayas. The chief source of moisture is increasingly shifting from frozen matter to precipitation events. The problem however, is one of the remoteness of areas in the eastern Himalayas, especially in the Tibetan Plateau and many parts of India’s north eastern region, and there is a great shortage of observations of Climate Change in the Himalayas to form a most detailed analysis.
The Western Himalayas in the Present Scenario
The western Himalayas extend from Badakhshan in north eastern Afghanistan, onwards to Jammu & Kashmir till central Nepal. In India, the western Himalayas form the chief part of the land areas of the states of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) agreed in its Fourth Assessment Report that there was a clear lack of adequate data to support complete assessments for the Hindu-Kush region of the western Himalayas. However, in the same report the IPCC claimed that Himalayan glaciers would disappear by 2035, which was subsequently refuted by many other sources. The statement was later retracted by the IPCC but spoke of how more detailed research was needed in the region if more complete and certain assessments of Climate Change in the Himalayas are to be made, given the remoteness of many locations in the western Himalayas.
If the eastern Himalayas is a global biodiversity hotspot, the western Himalayas is known as a global Climate Change hotspot. Glacial retreat is a massive issue in the western Himalayas and is garnering attention over possible downstream flows, with ramifications for ecosystems downstream beyond the Himalayas. Given how economies and populations in the Subcontinent are hugely dependent also on agricultural productivity, this is an issue that requires much more comprehensive data collection and research. The total area expected to be directly affected by Climate Change in the Himalayas is given below, with the mountainous regions and the river basins included.
Fig: Total area expected to be directly affected by Climate Change in the Himalayas
Source: Surender P. Singh et al.
Endnote
In terms of possibilities, other than the impacts of Climate Change in the Himalayas on the environment, the effects are also likely to impact in concatenation on human life as well. Although Climate Change in the Himalayas could progress gradually and humans have the tendency to adapt, the costs might be immediate and unpredictable. For example, more frequent flash floods and landslides might result in irreversible loss of human lives and increase risks to living in the mountains. In the long term droughts might have more severe effects due to glacial retreat and impact agricultural production. The chances of the extinction of certain species and its cascading effects might subliminally bring about massive changes in how life is carried out on Himalayan slopes.
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Steve Ovett, the famous British middle-distance athlete, won the 800-metres gold medal at the Moscow Olympics of 1980. Just a few days later, he was about to win a 5,000-metres race at London’s Crystal Palace. Known for his burst of acceleration on the home stretch, he had supreme confidence in his ability to out-sprint rivals. With the final 100 metres remaining,
[wptelegram-join-channel link=”https://t.me/s/upsctree” text=”Join @upsctree on Telegram”]Ovett waved to the crowd and raised a hand in triumph. But he had celebrated a bit too early. At the finishing line, Ireland’s John Treacy edged past Ovett. For those few moments, Ovett had lost his sense of reality and ignored the possibility of a negative event.
This analogy works well for the India story and our policy failures , including during the ongoing covid pandemic. While we have never been as well prepared or had significant successes in terms of growth stability as Ovett did in his illustrious running career, we tend to celebrate too early. Indeed, we have done so many times before.
It is as if we’re convinced that India is destined for greater heights, come what may, and so we never run through the finish line. Do we and our policymakers suffer from a collective optimism bias, which, as the Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman once wrote, “may well be the most significant of the cognitive biases”? The optimism bias arises from mistaken beliefs which form expectations that are better than the reality. It makes us underestimate chances of a negative outcome and ignore warnings repeatedly.
The Indian economy had a dream run for five years from 2003-04 to 2007-08, with an average annual growth rate of around 9%. Many believed that India was on its way to clocking consistent double-digit growth and comparisons with China were rife. It was conveniently overlooked that this output expansion had come mainly came from a few sectors: automobiles, telecom and business services.
Indians were made to believe that we could sprint without high-quality education, healthcare, infrastructure or banking sectors, which form the backbone of any stable economy. The plan was to build them as we went along, but then in the euphoria of short-term success, it got lost.
India’s exports of goods grew from $20 billion in 1990-91 to over $310 billion in 2019-20. Looking at these absolute figures it would seem as if India has arrived on the world stage. However, India’s share of global trade has moved up only marginally. Even now, the country accounts for less than 2% of the world’s goods exports.
More importantly, hidden behind this performance was the role played by one sector that should have never made it to India’s list of exports—refined petroleum. The share of refined petroleum exports in India’s goods exports increased from 1.4% in 1996-97 to over 18% in 2011-12.
An import-intensive sector with low labour intensity, exports of refined petroleum zoomed because of the then policy regime of a retail price ceiling on petroleum products in the domestic market. While we have done well in the export of services, our share is still less than 4% of world exports.
India seemed to emerge from the 2008 global financial crisis relatively unscathed. But, a temporary demand push had played a role in the revival—the incomes of many households, both rural and urban, had shot up. Fiscal stimulus to the rural economy and implementation of the Sixth Pay Commission scales had led to the salaries of around 20% of organized-sector employees jumping up. We celebrated, but once again, neither did we resolve the crisis brewing elsewhere in India’s banking sector, nor did we improve our capacity for healthcare or quality education.
Employment saw little economy-wide growth in our boom years. Manufacturing jobs, if anything, shrank. But we continued to celebrate. Youth flocked to low-productivity service-sector jobs, such as those in hotels and restaurants, security and other services. The dependence on such jobs on one hand and high-skilled services on the other was bound to make Indian society more unequal.
And then, there is agriculture, an elephant in the room. If and when farm-sector reforms get implemented, celebrations would once again be premature. The vast majority of India’s farmers have small plots of land, and though these farms are at least as productive as larger ones, net absolute incomes from small plots can only be meagre.
A further rise in farm productivity and consequent increase in supply, if not matched by a demand rise, especially with access to export markets, would result in downward pressure on market prices for farm produce and a further decline in the net incomes of small farmers.
We should learn from what John Treacy did right. He didn’t give up, and pushed for the finish line like it was his only chance at winning. Treacy had years of long-distance practice. The same goes for our economy. A long grind is required to build up its base before we can win and celebrate. And Ovett did not blame anyone for his loss. We play the blame game. Everyone else, right from China and the US to ‘greedy corporates’, seems to be responsible for our failures.
We have lowered absolute poverty levels and had technology-based successes like Aadhaar and digital access to public services. But there are no short cuts to good quality and adequate healthcare and education services. We must remain optimistic but stay firmly away from the optimism bias.
In the end, it is not about how we start, but how we finish. The disastrous second wave of covid and our inability to manage it is a ghastly reminder of this fact.
On March 31, the World Economic Forum (WEF) released its annual Gender Gap Report 2021. The Global Gender Gap report is an annual report released by the WEF. The gender gap is the difference between women and men as reflected in social, political, intellectual, cultural, or economic attainments or attitudes. The gap between men and women across health, education, politics, and economics widened for the first time since records began in 2006.
[wptelegram-join-channel link=”https://t.me/s/upsctree” text=”Join @upsctree on Telegram”]No need to remember all the data, only pick out few important ones to use in your answers.
The Global gender gap index aims to measure this gap in four key areas : health, education, economics, and politics. It surveys economies to measure gender disparity by collating and analyzing data that fall under four indices : economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment.
The 2021 Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks 156 countries on their progress towards gender parity. The index aims to serve as a compass to track progress on relative gaps between women and men in health, education, economy, and politics.
Although no country has achieved full gender parity, the top two countries (Iceland and Finland) have closed at least 85% of their gap, and the remaining seven countries (Lithuania, Namibia, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Rwanda, and Ireland) have closed at least 80% of their gap. Geographically, the global top 10 continues to be dominated by Nordic countries, with —Iceland, Norway, Finland, and Sweden—in the top five.
The top 10 is completed by one country from Asia Pacific (New Zealand 4th), two Sub-Saharan countries (Namibia, 6th and Rwanda, 7th, one country from Eastern Europe (the new entrant to the top 10, Lithuania, 8th), and another two Western European countries (Ireland, 9th, and Switzerland, 10th, another country in the top-10 for the first time).There is a relatively equitable distribution of available income, resources, and opportunities for men and women in these countries. The tremendous gender gaps are identified primarily in the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia.
Here, we can discuss the overall global gender gap scores across the index’s four main components : Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival, and Political Empowerment.
The indicators of the four main components are
(1) Economic Participation and Opportunity:
o Labour force participation rate,
o wage equality for similar work,
o estimated earned income,
o Legislators, senior officials, and managers,
o Professional and technical workers.
(2) Educational Attainment:
o Literacy rate (%)
o Enrollment in primary education (%)
o Enrollment in secondary education (%)
o Enrollment in tertiary education (%).
(3) Health and Survival:
o Sex ratio at birth (%)
o Healthy life expectancy (years).
(4) Political Empowerment:
o Women in Parliament (%)
o Women in Ministerial positions (%)
o Years with a female head of State (last 50 years)
o The share of tenure years.
The objective is to shed light on which factors are driving the overall average decline in the global gender gap score. The analysis results show that this year’s decline is mainly caused by a reversal in performance on the Political Empowerment gap.
Global Trends and Outcomes:
– Globally, this year, i.e., 2021, the average distance completed to gender parity gap is 68% (This means that the remaining gender gap to close stands at 32%) a step back compared to 2020 (-0.6 percentage points). These figures are mainly driven by a decline in the performance of large countries. On its current trajectory, it will now take 135.6 years to close the gender gap worldwide.
– The gender gap in Political Empowerment remains the largest of the four gaps tracked, with only 22% closed to date, having further widened since the 2020 edition of the report by 2.4 percentage points. Across the 156 countries covered by the index, women represent only 26.1% of some 35,500 Parliament seats and 22.6% of over 3,400 Ministers worldwide. In 81 countries, there has never been a woman head of State as of January 15, 2021. At the current rate of progress, the World Economic Forum estimates that it will take 145.5 years to attain gender parity in politics.
– The gender gap in Economic Participation and Opportunity remains the second-largest of the four key gaps tracked by the index. According to this year’s index results, 58% of this gap has been closed so far. The gap has seen marginal improvement since the 2020 edition of the report, and as a result, we estimate that it will take another 267.6 years to close.
– Gender gaps in Educational Attainment and Health and Survival are nearly closed. In Educational Attainment, 95% of this gender gap has been closed globally, with 37 countries already attaining gender parity. However, the ‘last mile’ of progress is proceeding slowly. The index estimates that it will take another 14.2 years to close this gap on its current trajectory completely.
In Health and Survival, 96% of this gender gap has been closed, registering a marginal decline since last year (not due to COVID-19), and the time to close this gap remains undefined. For both education and health, while progress is higher than economy and politics in the global data, there are important future implications of disruptions due to the pandemic and continued variations in quality across income, geography, race, and ethnicity.
India-Specific Findings:
India had slipped 28 spots to rank 140 out of the 156 countries covered. The pandemic causing a disproportionate impact on women jeopardizes rolling back the little progress made in the last decades-forcing more women to drop off the workforce and leaving them vulnerable to domestic violence.
India’s poor performance on the Global Gender Gap report card hints at a serious wake-up call and learning lessons from the Nordic region for the Government and policy makers.
Within the 156 countries covered, women hold only 26 percent of Parliamentary seats and 22 percent of Ministerial positions. India, in some ways, reflects this widening gap, where the number of Ministers declined from 23.1 percent in 2019 to 9.1 percent in 2021. The number of women in Parliament stands low at 14.4 percent. In India, the gender gap has widened to 62.5 %, down from 66.8% the previous year.
It is mainly due to women’s inadequate representation in politics, technical and leadership roles, a decrease in women’s labor force participation rate, poor healthcare, lagging female to male literacy ratio, and income inequality.
The gap is the widest on the political empowerment dimension, with economic participation and opportunity being next in line. However, the gap on educational attainment and health and survival has been practically bridged.
India is the third-worst performer among South Asian countries, with Pakistan and Afghanistan trailing and Bangladesh being at the top. The report states that the country fared the worst in political empowerment, regressing from 23.9% to 9.1%.
Its ranking on the health and survival dimension is among the five worst performers. The economic participation and opportunity gap saw a decline of 3% compared to 2020, while India’s educational attainment front is in the 114th position.
India has deteriorated to 51st place from 18th place in 2020 on political empowerment. Still, it has slipped to 155th position from 150th position in 2020 on health and survival, 151st place in economic participation and opportunity from 149th place, and 114th place for educational attainment from 112th.
In 2020 reports, among the 153 countries studied, India is the only country where the economic gender gap of 64.6% is larger than the political gender gap of 58.9%. In 2021 report, among the 156 countries, the economic gender gap of India is 67.4%, 3.8% gender gap in education, 6.3% gap in health and survival, and 72.4% gender gap in political empowerment. In health and survival, the gender gap of the sex ratio at birth is above 9.1%, and healthy life expectancy is almost the same.
Discrimination against women has also been reflected in Health and Survival subindex statistics. With 93.7% of this gap closed to date, India ranks among the bottom five countries in this subindex. The wide sex ratio at birth gaps is due to the high incidence of gender-based sex-selective practices. Besides, more than one in four women has faced intimate violence in her lifetime.The gender gap in the literacy rate is above 20.1%.
Yet, gender gaps persist in literacy : one-third of women are illiterate (34.2%) than 17.6% of men. In political empowerment, globally, women in Parliament is at 128th position and gender gap of 83.2%, and 90% gap in a Ministerial position. The gap in wages equality for similar work is above 51.8%. On health and survival, four large countries Pakistan, India, Vietnam, and China, fare poorly, with millions of women there not getting the same access to health as men.
The pandemic has only slowed down in its tracks the progress India was making towards achieving gender parity. The country urgently needs to focus on “health and survival,” which points towards a skewed sex ratio because of the high incidence of gender-based sex-selective practices and women’s economic participation. Women’s labour force participation rate and the share of women in technical roles declined in 2020, reducing the estimated earned income of women, one-fifth of men.
Learning from the Nordic region, noteworthy participation of women in politics, institutions, and public life is the catalyst for transformational change. Women need to be equal participants in the labour force to pioneer the societal changes the world needs in this integral period of transition.
Every effort must be directed towards achieving gender parallelism by facilitating women in leadership and decision-making positions. Social protection programmes should be gender-responsive and account for the differential needs of women and girls. Research and scientific literature also provide unequivocal evidence that countries led by women are dealing with the pandemic more effectively than many others.
Gendered inequality, thereby, is a global concern. India should focus on targeted policies and earmarked public and private investments in care and equalized access. Women are not ready to wait for another century for equality. It’s time India accelerates its efforts and fight for an inclusive, equal, global recovery.
India will not fully develop unless both women and men are equally supported to reach their full potential. There are risks, violations, and vulnerabilities women face just because they are women. Most of these risks are directly linked to women’s economic, political, social, and cultural disadvantages in their daily lives. It becomes acute during crises and disasters.
With the prevalence of gender discrimination, and social norms and practices, women become exposed to the possibility of child marriage, teenage pregnancy, child domestic work, poor education and health, sexual abuse, exploitation, and violence. Many of these manifestations will not change unless women are valued more.
[wptelegram-join-channel link=”https://t.me/s/upsctree” text=”Join @upsctree on Telegram”]2021 WEF Global Gender Gap report, which confirmed its 2016 finding of a decline in worldwide progress towards gender parity.
Over 2.8 billion women are legally restricted from having the same choice of jobs as men. As many as 104 countries still have laws preventing women from working in specific jobs, 59 countries have no laws on sexual harassment in the workplace, and it is astonishing that a handful of countries still allow husbands to legally stop their wives from working.
Globally, women’s participation in the labour force is estimated at 63% (as against 94% of men who participate), but India’s is at a dismal 25% or so currently. Most women are in informal and vulnerable employment—domestic help, agriculture, etc—and are always paid less than men.
Recent reports from Assam suggest that women workers in plantations are paid much less than men and never promoted to supervisory roles. The gender wage gap is about 24% globally, and women have lost far more jobs than men during lockdowns.
The problem of gender disparity is compounded by hurdles put up by governments, society and businesses: unequal access to social security schemes, banking services, education, digital services and so on, even as a glass ceiling has kept leadership roles out of women’s reach.
Yes, many governments and businesses had been working on parity before the pandemic struck. But the global gender gap, defined by differences reflected in the social, political, intellectual, cultural and economic attainments or attitudes of men and women, will not narrow in the near future without all major stakeholders working together on a clear agenda—that of economic growth by inclusion.
The WEF report estimates 135 years to close the gap at our current rate of progress based on four pillars: educational attainment, health, economic participation and political empowerment.
India has slipped from rank 112 to 140 in a single year, confirming how hard women were hit by the pandemic. Pakistan and Afghanistan are the only two Asian countries that fared worse.
Here are a few things we must do:
One, frame policies for equal-opportunity employment. Use technology and artificial intelligence to eliminate biases of gender, caste, etc, and select candidates at all levels on merit. Numerous surveys indicate that women in general have a better chance of landing jobs if their gender is not known to recruiters.
Two, foster a culture of gender sensitivity. Take a review of current policies and move from gender-neutral to gender-sensitive. Encourage and insist on diversity and inclusion at all levels, and promote more women internally to leadership roles. Demolish silos to let women grab potential opportunities in hitherto male-dominant roles. Work-from-home has taught us how efficiently women can manage flex-timings and productivity.
Three, deploy corporate social responsibility (CSR) funds for the education and skilling of women and girls at the bottom of the pyramid. CSR allocations to toilet building, the PM-Cares fund and firms’ own trusts could be re-channelled for this.
Four, get more women into research and development (R&D) roles. A study of over 4,000 companies found that more women in R&D jobs resulted in radical innovation. It appears women score far higher than men in championing change. If you seek growth from affordable products and services for low-income groups, women often have the best ideas.
Five, break barriers to allow progress. Cultural and structural issues must be fixed. Unconscious biases and discrimination are rampant even in highly-esteemed organizations. Establish fair and transparent human resource policies.
Six, get involved in local communities to engage them. As Michael Porter said, it is not possible for businesses to sustain long-term shareholder value without ensuring the welfare of the communities they exist in. It is in the best interest of enterprises to engage with local communities to understand and work towards lowering cultural and other barriers in society. It will also help connect with potential customers, employees and special interest groups driving the gender-equity agenda and achieve better diversity.