The state of Uttarakhand has got its first Ramsar Site—a wetland of international importance. The Asan Conservation Reserve, located on the banks of River Yamuna in Garhwal region in Dehradun district, was designated as the Ramsar Site. The nearest town or population centre of this Conservation Reserve about 8 kms away, at Herbertpur. It falls under the Indo-Gangetic monsoon forest wetlands category, based on the categorisation by Hussain and Dey Roy (ZSI 2003).Asan Conservation Reserve—a human-made wetland cleared five out of the nine criteria needed to be declared a Ramsar Site and get identified as a Wetland of International Importance. The criteria cleared are rare species and threatened ecological communities, biological diversity, support during critical life cycle stage or in adverse conditions, more than one per cent waterbird population and fish spawning grounds. This wetland, primarily a freshwater system, has been created by the Asan reservoir. It is a perennial habitat and is fed by the river Asan and smaller discharge channels of river Yamuna.
A notified Conservation Reserve
Asan wetland is a 444 ha portion running along the Asan River, stretching to the confluence with the Yamuna River. It is also a conservation reserve, a protected area that typically acts as a buffer or a connector. Asan, therefore, serves as a migration corridor between established national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and reserved and protected forests in the region. The Uttarakhand Government had notified Asan as a conservation reserve under Section 36A of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. The Asan River, originating at Chandrabani in the foothills of the Shivalik hills, flows for about 40 kms before merging with the Yamuna at Dhalipur. The unique feature of this river is that unlike other rivers which flow north to south, it flows in a west to east direction. The reservoir remains filled throughout the year, fed by the Asan river and several other minor channels in a perennial manner.
Fauna Diversity
The damming of the river and consequent siltation above the dam wall has created favourable habitat for avian species. It supports 330 species of birds that include even endangered vulture species such as red-headed vulture and white-rumped vulture. Some of the other bird species that can be sited in this wetlands are Ruddy shelduck, Indian Spot-billed Duck, Painted Stork and Bar-headed Goose. The ecosystem, which includes grasses and trees, supports many wintering birds, particularly waterbirds. It is therefore aptly described as the ‘paradise of wintering birds.’
Besides birds, the Asan reserve also supports 49 fish species, which includes the endangered Putitor mahseer.
What are Ramsar Sites?
Ramsar Sites are a list of wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands adopted on February 2, 1971, in the Iranian city of Ramsar. The Convention on Wetlands came into force for India on February 1, 1982. There are over 2,000 “Ramsar Sites” on the territories of over 160 Contracting Parties across the world. As of October 2020, India has 39 Ramsar sites—third highest in Asia and the highest in South Asia.
In general, wetlands provide many ecological services, including clean water, flood abatement, wildlife habitat, recreation, tourism, fishing and groundwater recharge. Countries where wetlands are designated as the Ramsar Sites, agree to establish and oversee a management framework aimed at conserving the wetland and ensuring its wise use. Ramsar Convention defines the ‘wise use’ of wetlands as ‘the maintenance of their ecological character, achieved through the implementation of ecosystem approaches, within the context of sustainable development’. The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) has also notified the new Wetland (Conservation and Management) Rules 2017. This is also known as the Wetlands rules in which ‘wise use’ has been appropriately defined. The Rule has outlined permitted and not-permitted activities in the notified wetlands, including the Ramsar Sites. Wise use allows local people to practise sustainable agriculture, fishing, forestry and tourism using the available renewable resources. In a nutshell, wise use emphasises the sustainable management of these ecosystems by humans which is compatible with conservation. Besides, the Ramsar tag gives international importance to a wetland, which increases its publicity and brings prestige and prominence. In this way, it encourages sustainable tourism and uplifts the life of the local community.
Ramsar Sites in India
Ramsar sites are wetlands considered to be of international importance. The Ramsar convention, an international body, forms the basis for identification of such wetlands. The international treaty came into effect in 1971 after identifying the first such wetland at the Ramsar city of Iran. The Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and wise use of wetlands.
- Wular Lake, Jammu& Kashmir
Freshwater Lake
18,900 ha
Largest freshwater lake of river Jhelum Basin. Provides flood protection to Kashmir Valley.
- Hokera, Jammu&Kashmir
Freshwater marsh
1,375 haHaven for water birds
- Surisnsar-Mansar Lakes, Jammu & Kashmir
Freshwater lake
350 ha
Wildlife sanctuary and a sacred site supporting several species of high conservation value
- Tsomoriri, Jammu & Kashmir
Freshwater-saline lake
12,000 ha
Breeding ground for endangered black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis) and bar-headed geese (Anser indicus)
- Chandertal, Himachal Pradesh
Freshwater lake
49 ha
Natural habitat to rare flora and fauna species of alphine region
- Pong Dam lake, Himachal Pradesh
Reservoir
15,662 ha
The Maharana Pratap Sagar created by Pong Dam supports highly diverse waterbird habitats
- Kanjili, Punjab
Impounded stream
183 ha
Storage area for irrigation.
- Harike Lake, Punjab
Reservoir
4,100 ha
It is the main source of water for Indira Gandhi that irrigates Rajasthan.
- Ropar, Punjab
Freshwater lake
1,365 ha
Important bird watching and boating site.
- Renuka, Himachal Pradesh
Freshwater Lake
20 ha
A natural wetland with freshwater springs
- Sambhar Lake
Saline lake
24,000 ha
Second largest breeding ground for flamingos in India
- Keoladeo National Park (KNP), Rajasthan
Freshwater swamps
2,873 ha
Known as the Bharatpur bird sanctuary, also a world heritage site.
- Upper Ganga River (Brijghat to Narora Stretch)
River stretch
26,590 ha
Ganga river dolphin, crocodile and otters are some of the mammalian species found here.
- Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary, Gujarat
Freshwater lake
4,100 ha
Largest wetland bird sanctuary in Gujarat with around 250 species of water birds
- Bhoj Wetland, Madhya Pradesh
Reservvoir
3,201 ha
Main source of water for Bhopal City
16. Deepor Beel, Assam
Freshwater lake
4,000 ha
Supports high concentration of migratory waterbird
17. Loktak Lake, Manipur
Freshwater marsh
26,600 ha
The only known natural habitat for Manipur brow-antlered deer
18. Rudrasagar lake, Tripura
Freshwater lake
240 ha
Ideal habitat for riverine fish species
19. East Kolkata Wetlands, West Bengal
Sewage fed fish ponds
12,500 ha
These wetlands treat the city’s sewage and provides for fish and vegetables
20. Bhitarkanika Mangroves, Odisha
Mangrove swamps
65,000 ha
Home to endangered salt water crocodiles and Gahirmatha beach is the largest known Olive Ridley sea turtle nestling in the world.
21. Chilika, Odisha
Lagoon
1,16,500 ha
One of the only two lagoons with population of Irrawaddy dolphins. Its rich fishery resources sustains 0.2 million fishers
.
22. Kolleru Lake, Andhra Pradesh
Freshwarer lake
90,100 ha
Acts as a flood balancing reservoir and was once known for its spot-billed pelicans sighting.
23. Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu
Coastal swamps and salt pans
38,500 ha
Supports high diversity of water bird
24. Vembanad-Kol, Kerala
Floodplain estuary complex
1,51,250 ha
Known for backwater tourism and rich source of live and sub-fossil clam deposits.
25. Ashtamudi, Kerala
Estuary
61,400 ha
A palm shaped estuary with eight branches, gateway to the backwaters of Kerala.
26. Sashthamkotta Lake, Kerala
Freshwater lake
373 ha
Source of drinking water for half a million people in Kollam City and its suburbs.
- Sundarban Wetland, West Bengal
The largest mangrove forest in the world that encompasses hundreds of islands and a maze of rivers, rivulets and creeks
423,000 ha
Constitutes over 60 per cent of India’s total mangrove forest area and includes 90 per cent of the Indian mangrove species.
- Nandur Madhameshwar, Maharashtra
Lakes, marshes and riparian forest
1437 ha
Formed by shallow backwaters of Nandur Madhmeshwar dam and is also a bird sanctuary.
- Keshopur-Miani Community Reserve, Punjab
A mosaic of natural marshes, aquaculture ponds and agricultural wetlands
343.9 ha
A community-managed wetland, which provides food for people and supports local biodiversity.
- Samaspur Bird Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh
Perennial lowland marsh
799 ha
Six connected lakes are heavily dependent on monsoon rains and harbours threatened bird species.
- Parvati Agra Bird Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh
A permanent freshwater environment consisting of two oxbow lakes
722 ha
Roosting and breeding sites with over 100,000 birds and a refuge for some of India’s threatened vulture species.
- Sarsai Nawar Jheel, Uttar Pradesh
A permanent marsh
161 ha
An example of co-habitation of humans and wildlife and sustaining the vulnerable Sarus crane.
- Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary, Punjab
A human-made reservoir
116 ha
Supports abundant flora and fauna including Indian pangolin, Egyptian vulture and the leopard.
- Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh
A shallow marshland
225 ha
Known as a haven for birds, with 25,000 waterbirds regularly recorded.
- Sandi Bird Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh
A freshwater marsh
308.5 ha
A typical Indo-Gangetic plains wetlands and a habitat for waterfowl with over 40,000 individuals counted in 2018.
- Beas Conservation Reserve, Punjab
A stretch of the Beas River
6428.9 ha
Dotted with islands, sand bars and braided channels creating a complex environment supporting substantial biodiversity and hosts the only known population in India of the endangered Indus river dolphin.
- Saman Bird Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh
A seasonal oxbow lake on the Ganges floodplain
526.3 ha
A wintering site for many migrants including the greylag goose.
- Asan Conservation Reserve, Uttarakhand
A stretch of the Asan River running down to its confluence with the Yamuna River
444.4 ha
Supports 330 species of birds including red-headed vulture, white-rumped vulture and Baer’s pochard
- Kabartal Wetland, Bihar
Also known as Kanwar Jheel located in the Indo-Gangetic plains
2,620 ha
An important stopover along the Central Asian Flyway.
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Steve Ovett, the famous British middle-distance athlete, won the 800-metres gold medal at the Moscow Olympics of 1980. Just a few days later, he was about to win a 5,000-metres race at London’s Crystal Palace. Known for his burst of acceleration on the home stretch, he had supreme confidence in his ability to out-sprint rivals. With the final 100 metres remaining,
[wptelegram-join-channel link=”https://t.me/s/upsctree” text=”Join @upsctree on Telegram”]Ovett waved to the crowd and raised a hand in triumph. But he had celebrated a bit too early. At the finishing line, Ireland’s John Treacy edged past Ovett. For those few moments, Ovett had lost his sense of reality and ignored the possibility of a negative event.
This analogy works well for the India story and our policy failures , including during the ongoing covid pandemic. While we have never been as well prepared or had significant successes in terms of growth stability as Ovett did in his illustrious running career, we tend to celebrate too early. Indeed, we have done so many times before.
It is as if we’re convinced that India is destined for greater heights, come what may, and so we never run through the finish line. Do we and our policymakers suffer from a collective optimism bias, which, as the Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman once wrote, “may well be the most significant of the cognitive biases”? The optimism bias arises from mistaken beliefs which form expectations that are better than the reality. It makes us underestimate chances of a negative outcome and ignore warnings repeatedly.
The Indian economy had a dream run for five years from 2003-04 to 2007-08, with an average annual growth rate of around 9%. Many believed that India was on its way to clocking consistent double-digit growth and comparisons with China were rife. It was conveniently overlooked that this output expansion had come mainly came from a few sectors: automobiles, telecom and business services.
Indians were made to believe that we could sprint without high-quality education, healthcare, infrastructure or banking sectors, which form the backbone of any stable economy. The plan was to build them as we went along, but then in the euphoria of short-term success, it got lost.
India’s exports of goods grew from $20 billion in 1990-91 to over $310 billion in 2019-20. Looking at these absolute figures it would seem as if India has arrived on the world stage. However, India’s share of global trade has moved up only marginally. Even now, the country accounts for less than 2% of the world’s goods exports.
More importantly, hidden behind this performance was the role played by one sector that should have never made it to India’s list of exports—refined petroleum. The share of refined petroleum exports in India’s goods exports increased from 1.4% in 1996-97 to over 18% in 2011-12.
An import-intensive sector with low labour intensity, exports of refined petroleum zoomed because of the then policy regime of a retail price ceiling on petroleum products in the domestic market. While we have done well in the export of services, our share is still less than 4% of world exports.
India seemed to emerge from the 2008 global financial crisis relatively unscathed. But, a temporary demand push had played a role in the revival—the incomes of many households, both rural and urban, had shot up. Fiscal stimulus to the rural economy and implementation of the Sixth Pay Commission scales had led to the salaries of around 20% of organized-sector employees jumping up. We celebrated, but once again, neither did we resolve the crisis brewing elsewhere in India’s banking sector, nor did we improve our capacity for healthcare or quality education.
Employment saw little economy-wide growth in our boom years. Manufacturing jobs, if anything, shrank. But we continued to celebrate. Youth flocked to low-productivity service-sector jobs, such as those in hotels and restaurants, security and other services. The dependence on such jobs on one hand and high-skilled services on the other was bound to make Indian society more unequal.
And then, there is agriculture, an elephant in the room. If and when farm-sector reforms get implemented, celebrations would once again be premature. The vast majority of India’s farmers have small plots of land, and though these farms are at least as productive as larger ones, net absolute incomes from small plots can only be meagre.
A further rise in farm productivity and consequent increase in supply, if not matched by a demand rise, especially with access to export markets, would result in downward pressure on market prices for farm produce and a further decline in the net incomes of small farmers.
We should learn from what John Treacy did right. He didn’t give up, and pushed for the finish line like it was his only chance at winning. Treacy had years of long-distance practice. The same goes for our economy. A long grind is required to build up its base before we can win and celebrate. And Ovett did not blame anyone for his loss. We play the blame game. Everyone else, right from China and the US to ‘greedy corporates’, seems to be responsible for our failures.
We have lowered absolute poverty levels and had technology-based successes like Aadhaar and digital access to public services. But there are no short cuts to good quality and adequate healthcare and education services. We must remain optimistic but stay firmly away from the optimism bias.
In the end, it is not about how we start, but how we finish. The disastrous second wave of covid and our inability to manage it is a ghastly reminder of this fact.