Written by : Umakant Sir(ex-OAS)
America did not win World War II only because of its generals or its politicians. It won because of physics.
In the 1930s, the best physicists in Europe were running for their lives. Einstein, Fermi, Bethe, Wigner and many others left Germany, Italy and Hungary. America gave them labs, money and safety. Then it put them to work. The result was the atomic bomb and a new world order.
The US leaders of that time were not the smartest people in the room. But they knew who was. They recruited the best minds and gave them freedom to work. That one habit built a superpower. And it is still the habit that matters most today.
What the Nobel Prize tells us
Think of the Nobel Prize as a scoreboard for ideas. It does not measure army size or GDP. It measures who is producing breakthroughs that change the world. Look at two things: where winners were born, and where they worked when they won. The gap between those two numbers is the whole story.
Which country has the most winners?
By affiliation, the answer is clear. The United States leads by a big margin. One recent report counts 410 academic Nobel laureates in the US, and 142 of them (35%) are immigrants.
Here is a rough picture of the top countries. These are approximate numbers. Please check the latest count on nobelprize.org before publishing, as the 2026 prizes are being announced this week.
Simple note: Birth country and affiliation are different things. A scientist born in India but working at MIT counts as Indian-born and US-affiliated. When we count by affiliation, the US jumps far ahead. That gap shows the pull of American institutions.
The real secret: it is about attracting talent
Here is an example. Abhijit Banerjee was born in India. Esther Duflo was born in France. Both won the Economics Nobel in 2019 while at MIT.
Now look at the numbers.
- Out of 281 laureates tied only to US institutions since 1969, 87 were born abroad.
- Immigrants have won 42 percent of all US physics Nobel Prizes since 2000.
- Nearly half of the immigrant laureates earned their highest degree in the US. So America did not just import finished geniuses. It also trained them.
Compare this with other countries. Japan has 15 homegrown laureates in its top group, and Sweden has 8, with no immigrant scientists helping. Japan produces great science from its own people. But the US adds the whole world’s talent on top of its own.
Why do the best people go to America?
It is not only about money. It is a system.
1. The universities. Since 2000, Harvard has won 60 Nobel Prizes, the most of any institution, followed by MIT and UC Berkeley. A top researcher wants to work near other top researchers.
2. Funding. A young scientist can get a grant and start a lab. This is hard in many countries.
3. Freedom to question. A student can challenge their professor. Ideas win, not rank.
4. A path to stay. Come to study, stay to work, build a company. Many countries make this hard. The US has traditionally made it possible.
Now the AI race
The same pattern is repeating in AI.
In 2024, the Nobel Prize in Physics went to John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton for the foundations of neural networks. Hinton was born in the UK. The Chemistry prize that year went partly to Demis Hassabis and John Jumper for AlphaFold, an AI that predicts protein shapes. Hassabis is also British-born. His company, DeepMind, was bought by Google, an American firm.
See the pattern? Ideas often start in many places. But the money, computing power and scale to turn them into products sit in the US. The biggest AI labs, the chip designers and the cloud companies are mostly American. And many of their founders and top researchers came from other countries. AI is the new physics of the 1940s. Whoever gathers the best minds first, wins.
But the lead is not guaranteed
Lets be honest here. A superpower can lose its edge.
- The Nobel Prize is a lagging indicator. It rewards work done 20 or 30 years ago.
- The US is losing its share of global international students, as other countries build better universities.
- Strict visa rules can push talent away. Scientists can go to Canada, the UK, Europe or China.
- China is investing heavily in research and AI. Its Nobel count is still small, but the gap in papers and patents is closing.
So the lesson is not that America is special by birth. The lesson is that America stays ahead only while it stays open.
The takeaway
Superpowers are not built only on weapons. They are built on people. The country that attracts the best innovators gets the best ideas. The best ideas build the best economy. The best economy pays for the strongest military. It is a loop.
The Nobel Prize shows who has been winning that loop for 80 years. In the AI race, the same rule applies. If the US keeps its doors open to the world’s brightest minds, it will likely remain the superpower. If it closes them, others will happily take those minds.
Final thought: America won World War II with physicists. It may win the AI era with the same trick. Recruit the best. Give them freedom. Get out of the way.
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In a diverse country like India, where each State is socially, culturally, economically, and politically distinct, measuring Governance becomes increasingly tricky. The Public Affairs Index (PAI 2021) is a scientifically rigorous, data-based framework that measures the quality of governance at the Sub-national level and ranks the States and Union Territories (UTs) of India on a Composite Index (CI).
States are classified into two categories – Large and Small – using population as the criteria.
In PAI 2021, PAC defined three significant pillars that embody Governance – Growth, Equity, and Sustainability. Each of the three Pillars is circumscribed by five governance praxis Themes.
The themes include – Voice and Accountability, Government Effectiveness, Rule of Law, Regulatory Quality and Control of Corruption.
At the bottom of the pyramid, 43 component indicators are mapped to 14 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that are relevant to the States and UTs.
This forms the foundation of the conceptual framework of PAI 2021. The choice of the 43 indicators that go into the calculation of the CI were dictated by the objective of uncovering the complexity and multidimensional character of development governance
The Equity Principle
The Equity Pillar of the PAI 2021 Index analyses the inclusiveness impact at the Sub-national level in the country; inclusiveness in terms of the welfare of a society that depends primarily on establishing that all people feel that they have a say in the governance and are not excluded from the mainstream policy framework.
This requires all individuals and communities, but particularly the most vulnerable, to have an opportunity to improve or maintain their wellbeing. This chapter of PAI 2021 reflects the performance of States and UTs during the pandemic and questions the governance infrastructure in the country, analysing the effectiveness of schemes and the general livelihood of the people in terms of Equity.
Growth and its Discontents
Growth in its multidimensional form encompasses the essence of access to and the availability and optimal utilisation of resources. By resources, PAI 2021 refer to human resources, infrastructure and the budgetary allocations. Capacity building of an economy cannot take place if all the key players of growth do not drive development. The multiplier effects of better health care, improved educational outcomes, increased capital accumulation and lower unemployment levels contribute magnificently in the growth and development of the States.
The Pursuit Of Sustainability
The Sustainability Pillar analyses the access to and usage of resources that has an impact on environment, economy and humankind. The Pillar subsumes two themes and uses seven indicators to measure the effectiveness of government efforts with regards to Sustainability.
The Curious Case Of The Delta
The Delta Analysis presents the results on the State performance on year-on-year improvement. The rankings are measured as the Delta value over the last five to 10 years of data available for 12 Key Development Indicators (KDI). In PAI 2021, 12 indicators across the three Pillars of Equity (five indicators), Growth (five indicators) and Sustainability (two indicators). These KDIs are the outcome indicators crucial to assess Human Development. The Performance in the Delta Analysis is then compared to the Overall PAI 2021 Index.
Key Findings:-
In the Scheme of Things
The Scheme Analysis adds an additional dimension to ranking of the States on their governance. It attempts to complement the Governance Model by trying to understand the developmental activities undertaken by State Governments in the form of schemes. It also tries to understand whether better performance of States in schemes reflect in better governance.
The Centrally Sponsored schemes that were analysed are National Health Mission (NHM), Umbrella Integrated Child Development Services scheme (ICDS), Mahatma Gandh National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SmSA) and MidDay Meal Scheme (MDMS).
National Health Mission (NHM)
INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICES (ICDS)
MID- DAY MEAL SCHEME (MDMS)
SAMAGRA SHIKSHA ABHIYAN (SMSA)
MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME (MGNREGS)