By compass directions, the Sargasso Sea’s western limit is marked by the Gulf Stream, the eastern by the Canary Current, the northern by the North Atlantic Current, while the southern limit is marked by the North Equatorial Current and the Antilles Current.
These borders flow in clockwise motion and are dynamic. They change season after season in accordance with the Azores High Pressure Center.
The Sea is named after the genus of free-floating seaweed called Sargassum, named due to early Portuguese encounters with the seaweed, who named it Sargazzo or kelp in Spanish. Sargassum is a form of free-floating seaweed or algae that is unique in the sense that it reproduces vegetatively in the high seas, unlike other forms of floating seaweed that reproduce and originate in the ocean-floor. As such, Sargassum mats are plentiful on the sea’s surface. On the surface, the Sargassum mats provide habitats for a variety of marine organisms such as turtles, which use their platforms for hatchlings to flourish (NOAA, undated).
Beneath the Ocean Floor – Discovery of Ocean Ridge
The Sargasso Sea Alliance – a conservation partnership led by the Bermudian government – highlight three interdependent areas that place a case for scientific conservation efforts over the Sargasso Sea (Sargasso Sea Alliance, 2011). These include first, the unique ecosystem based on the floating Sargassum. Second, the area is a junction in the North Atlantic for migratory species that utilize the mats for food, reproduction and safety. Third, the unique conditions, the Sargasso Sea Alliance argues, are pertinent for research and require great vigilance.
The surface ecosystem is based upon two species of Sargassum that reproduce through fragmentation, and is different from all other varieties of seaweed. Golden-brown in colour, the floating mechanism is possible due gas filled bladders in the Sargassum. Sargassum provide critical habitats for many permanent and migratory species. The drifting of the sargassum makes it collect marine organisms, particularly invertebrates that attract other marine species towards the mats.
The Sargassum hosts more than 145 invertebrate species and over 127 species of fish. There is variance in this biodiversity owing to the season, location in the gyre and the age of the sea-weed. Larger marine species such as sharks and rays that prey on the spawning fish are also of great conservation value. Many spawning species represent rare species of marine life.
Many migrating species of fish such as Bluefin Tuna feed in the Sargassum Sea, which are exploited as a food source but are largely protected in the Sargasso Sea by the natural floating Sargassum.
Sargassum mats have been the source for many myths and legends over the centuries. They led many sailors to believe that their ships would be jammed and trapped in the seaweed in earlier times, which was accompanied with still waters and a lack of surface winds.
These myths had an important role in the conceptualization of the southwestern region of the Sargasso Sea as the Bermuda Triangle, as the passage in the ocean where ships would disappear. The floating Sargassum provides a natural barrier to fishing expeditions, and the Sargasso Sea was recently earmarked to be a world heritage site by the UN, and a report was published in 2016 in this regard (UN, 2016).
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Petrol in India is cheaper than in countries like Hong Kong, Germany and the UK but costlier than in China, Brazil, Japan, the US, Russia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, a Bank of Baroda Economics Research report showed.
Rising fuel prices in India have led to considerable debate on which government, state or central, should be lowering their taxes to keep prices under control.
The rise in fuel prices is mainly due to the global price of crude oil (raw material for making petrol and diesel) going up. Further, a stronger dollar has added to the cost of crude oil.
Amongst comparable countries (per capita wise), prices in India are higher than those in Vietnam, Kenya, Ukraine, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Venezuela. Countries that are major oil producers have much lower prices.
In the report, the Philippines has a comparable petrol price but has a per capita income higher than India by over 50 per cent.
Countries which have a lower per capita income like Kenya, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and Venezuela have much lower prices of petrol and hence are impacted less than India.
“Therefore there is still a strong case for the government to consider lowering the taxes on fuel to protect the interest of the people,” the report argued.
India is the world’s third-biggest oil consuming and importing nation. It imports 85 per cent of its oil needs and so prices retail fuel at import parity rates.
With the global surge in energy prices, the cost of producing petrol, diesel and other petroleum products also went up for oil companies in India.
They raised petrol and diesel prices by Rs 10 a litre in just over a fortnight beginning March 22 but hit a pause button soon after as the move faced criticism and the opposition parties asked the government to cut taxes instead.
India imports most of its oil from a group of countries called the ‘OPEC +’ (i.e, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Russia, etc), which produces 40% of the world’s crude oil.
As they have the power to dictate fuel supply and prices, their decision of limiting the global supply reduces supply in India, thus raising prices
The government charges about 167% tax (excise) on petrol and 129% on diesel as compared to US (20%), UK (62%), Italy and Germany (65%).
The abominable excise duty is 2/3rd of the cost, and the base price, dealer commission and freight form the rest.
Here is an approximate break-up (in Rs):
a)Base Price | 39 |
b)Freight | 0.34 |
c) Price Charged to Dealers = (a+b) | 39.34 |
d) Excise Duty | 40.17 |
e) Dealer Commission | 4.68 |
f) VAT | 25.35 |
g) Retail Selling Price | 109.54 |
Looked closely, much of the cost of petrol and diesel is due to higher tax rate by govt, specifically excise duty.
So the question is why government is not reducing the prices ?
India, being a developing country, it does require gigantic amount of funding for its infrastructure projects as well as welfare schemes.
However, we as a society is yet to be tax-compliant. Many people evade the direct tax and that’s the reason why govt’s hands are tied. Govt. needs the money to fund various programs and at the same time it is not generating enough revenue from direct taxes.
That’s the reason why, govt is bumping up its revenue through higher indirect taxes such as GST or excise duty as in the case of petrol and diesel.
Direct taxes are progressive as it taxes according to an individuals’ income however indirect tax such as excise duty or GST are regressive in the sense that the poorest of the poor and richest of the rich have to pay the same amount.
Does not matter, if you are an auto-driver or owner of a Mercedes, end of the day both pay the same price for petrol/diesel-that’s why it is regressive in nature.
But unlike direct tax where tax evasion is rampant, indirect tax can not be evaded due to their very nature and as long as huge no of Indians keep evading direct taxes, indirect tax such as excise duty will be difficult for the govt to reduce, because it may reduce the revenue and hamper may programs of the govt.