The global order today is in flux, caught between the collapse of the post–World War II liberal framework and the absence of a coherent replacement. As conflict spreads across continents and ideologies crumble, the world appears to be returning to an older, harsher logic of geopolitics—rooted not in shared values, but in raison d’état (national interest) and balance of power.
🧭 A Return to the Old Order?
Despite hopes of liberal democracy’s dominance after the Cold War—most famously asserted by Francis Fukuyama’s “End of History”—the world has veered in a different direction. Samuel Huntington’s prediction of civilizational clashes seemed more accurate as wars and tensions grew along cultural, religious, and national lines.
Today, the globe is embroiled in multi-front crises:
- Russia’s war in Ukraine
- Escalating Middle East tensions (Israel vs Hamas, Hezbollah, Houthis, Iran)
- US-Iran conflict and a renewed India–Pakistan standoff
- China’s strategic rise
- Fallout from America’s withdrawal from Afghanistan and past interventions in Iraq and Libya
These flashpoints echo 17th–20th century templates—where national interest, first strikes, and alliance systems shaped global conflict.
🏛 Origins of Modern Geopolitics
The 1648 Peace of Westphalia established the idea of sovereign nation-states. France’s Cardinal Richelieu introduced raison d’état, while Hugo Grotius and William of Orange developed balance-of-power systems. These principles—tested through events like the Concert of Vienna (1815) and two World Wars—still influence international relations today.
By the 20th century, technological change (mobilization speed, nuclear weapons) further complicated traditional strategies. The Cold War saw the emergence of MAD (mutually assured destruction), cementing power structures built on fear and alliances.
🚨 The Illusion of Liberal Victory
The post-1991 unipolar world, led by the US, seemed like the dawn of liberal democracy—but 9/11 shattered that illusion. The war on terror, interventions in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Libya failed to establish democracies or peace, exposing the limits of idealism.
Instead, actions were consistently driven by national interest, even when cloaked in moral language like “democracy promotion” or the Right to Protect.
🔁 The Cycle Repeats
China’s rise isn’t ideological—it’s a pursuit of its perceived historical destiny. The return of the Taliban wasn’t a civilizational clash—it was a strategic calculation. In every case, realpolitik has trumped idealism.
Thus, despite modern technology and economic integration, global politics continues to be ruled by centuries-old doctrines:
- Raison d’état – Nations act to protect and advance their own interests.
- Balance of power – Alliances shift to maintain strategic equilibrium.
These principles, forged in Europe’s age of empires, still dominate. And as we look ahead, they are likely to define the new global order—not something radically different, but rather a revival of an old order in modern clothes.
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- Lowering Emissions by Accelerating Forest Finance (LEAF) Coalition, a collective of the United States, United Kingdom and Norway governments, came up with a $1 billion fund.
- LEAF is supported by transnational corporations (TNCs) like Unilever plc, Amazon.com, Inc, Nestle, Airbnb, Inc as well as Emergent, a US-based non-profit.
- The world lost more than 10 million hectares of primary tropical forest cover last year, an area roughly the size of Switzerland.
- Ending tropical and subtropical forest loss by 2030 is a crucial part of meeting global climate, biodiversity and sustainable development goals. Protecting tropical forests offers one of the biggest opportunities for climate action in the coming decade.
- Tropical forests are massive carbon sinks and by investing in their protection, public and private players are likely to stock up on their carbon credits.
- The LEAF coalition initiative is a step towards concretising the aims and objectives of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) mechanism.
- REDD+ was created by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It monetised the value of carbon locked up in the tropical forests of most developing countries, thereby propelling these countries to help mitigate climate change.
- It is a unique initiative as it seeks to help developing countries in battling the double-edged sword of development versus ecological commitment.
- The initiative comes at a crucial time. The tropics have lost close to 12.2 million hectares (mha) of tree cover last year according to global estimates released by Global Forest Watch.
- Of this, a loss of 4.2 mha occurred within humid tropical primary forests alone. It should come as no surprise that most of these lost forests were located in the developing countries of Latin America, Africa and South Asia.
- Brazil has fared dismally on the parameter of ‘annual primary forest loss’ among all countries. It has lost 1.7 mha of primary forests that are rich storehouse of carbon. India’s estimated loss in 2020 stands at 20.8 kilo hectares.
- Between 2002-2020, Brazil’s total area of humid primary forest reduced by 7.7 per cent while India’s reduced by 3.4 per cent.
- Although the loss in India is not as drastic as in Brazil, its position is nevertheless precarious. For India, this loss is equivalent to 951 metric tonnes worth carbon dioxide emissions released in the atmosphere.
- It is important to draw comparisons between Brazil and India as both countries have adopted a rather lackadaisical attitude towards deforestation-induced climate change. The Brazilian government hardly did anything to control the massive fires that gutted the Amazon rainforest in 2019.
- It is mostly around May that forest fires peak in India. However, this year India, witnessed massive forest fires in early March in states like Odisha, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh and Mizoram among others.
- The European Union’s Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service claimed that 0.2 metric tonnes of carbon was emitted in the Uttarakhand forest fires.
- Implementation of the LEAF Coalition plan will help pump in fresh rigour among developing countries like India, that are reluctant to recognise the contributions of their forest dwelling populations in mitigating climate change.
- With the deadline for proposal submission fast approaching, India needs to act swiftly on a revised strategy.
- Although India has pledged to carry out its REDD+ commitments, it is impossible to do so without seeking knowledge from its forest dwelling population.
Context:-
At the recently concluded Leaders’ Summit on Climate in April 2021, Lowering Emissions by Accelerating Forest Finance (LEAF) Coalition, a collective of the United States, United Kingdom and Norway governments, came up with a $1 billion fund plan that shall be offered to countries committed to arrest the decline of their tropical forests by 2030.
[wptelegram-join-channel link=”https://t.me/s/upsctree” text=”Join @upsctree on Telegram”]What is LEAF Coalition?
Why LEAF Coalition?
Brazil & India
According to the UN-REDD programme, after the energy sector, deforestation accounts for massive carbon emissions — close to 11 per cent — in the atmosphere. Rapid urbanisation and commercialisation of forest produce are the main causes behind rampant deforestation across tropical forests.
Tribes, Forests and Government
Disregarding climate change as a valid excuse for the fires, Indian government officials were quick to lay the blame for deforestation on activities of forest dwellers and even labelled them “mischievous elements” and “unwanted elements”.
Policy makers around the world have emphasised the role of indigenous tribes and local communities in checking deforestation. These communities depend on forests for their survival as well as livelihood. Hence, they understand the need to protect forests. However, by posing legitimate environmental concerns as obstacles to real development, governments of developing countries swiftly avoid protection of forests and rights of forest dwellers.
For instance, the Government of India has not been forthcoming in recognising the socio-economic, civil, political or even cultural rights of forest dwellers. According to data from the Union Ministry of Tribal Affairs in December, 2020 over 55 per cent of this population has still not been granted either individual or community ownership of their lands.
To make matters worse, the government has undertaken systematic and sustained measures to render the landmark Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 ineffective in its implementation. The Act had sought to legitimise claims of forest dwellers on occupied forest land.
Various government decisions have seriously undermined the position of indigenous people within India. These include proposing amendments to the obsolete Indian Forest Act, 1927 that give forest officials the power to take away forest dwellers’ rights and to even use firearms with impunity.
There is also the Supreme Court’s order of February, 2019 directing state governments to evict illegal encroachers of forest land or millions of forest dwellers inhabiting forests since generations as a measure to conserve wildlife. Finally, there is the lack of data on novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) deaths among the forest dwelling population;
Tardy administration, insufficient supervision, apathetic attitude and a lack of political intent defeat the cause of forest dwelling populations in India, thereby directly affecting efforts at arresting deforestation.
Way Forward
Tuntiak Katan, a global indigenous leader from Ecuador and general coordinator of the Global Alliance of Territorial Communities, aptly indicated the next steps at the Climate Summit:
“The first step is recognition of land rights. The second step is the recognition of the contributions of local communities and indigenous communities, meaning the contributions of indigenous peoples.We also need recognition of traditional knowledge practices in order to fight climate change”
Perhaps India can begin by taking the first step.