UPSC CSE MAINS 2026

Political Science and International Relations – Paper I

PSIR Optional Question Paper

A

SECTION—A

1. Write on the following in about 150 words each : 10×5=50

1.(a)
10 Marks

Resurgence of political theory

1.(b)
10 Marks

Post-colonial theory of State

1.(c)
10 Marks

The freedom of the pike is death to the minnows.

1.(d)
10 Marks

Legitimacy is always a ‘social construct’.

1.(e)
10 Marks

Herbert Marcuse turned Freudianism on its head in his critical theory.

2.(a)
20 Marks

“Rights of the man are separate and independent of the State.” Critically analyze the perspective of Laski.

2.(b)
15 Marks

“Fortune favours the brave.” In the light of this statement, discuss Machiavelli’s concepts of ‘virtue’ and ‘fortune’.

2.(c)
15 Marks

Discuss B. R. Ambedkar’s views on democracy and State socialism.

3.(a)
20 Marks

Mill’s work was crucial to the development of liberalism, because it straddled the divide between classical and modern theories. Analyze.

3.(b)
15 Marks

Wollstonecraft developed first systematic feminist critique. Discuss her main ideas.

3.(c)
15 Marks

Discuss Gandhi’s approach to property in relation to trusteeship.

4.(a)
20 Marks

“Representative democracy is not an absolute principle, rather a question of time, place and circumstances.” Analyze the statement. Mention the major challenges to representative democracy.

4.(b)
15 Marks

What is capability approach? Elaborate the distinctive features of the capability theory of equality.

4.(c)
15 Marks

Analyze Kautilya’s Saptanga theory. How do you explain its significance in present-day politics?

B

SECTION—B

5. Answer the following in about 150 words each : 10×5=50

5.(a)
10 Marks

How did Swadeshi grow into a demand for Swaraj?

5.(b)
10 Marks

The Constitution of India was secular even before the word was included in the Preamble. Comment.

5.(c)
10 Marks

Identity has become an important phenomenon in the modern politics in India. Discuss.

5.(d)
10 Marks

Ending proxy leadership in Panchayati Raj is a necessary step towards true grassroots democracy. Comment.

5.(e)
10 Marks

Discuss the impact of liberalization on agriculture sector in India.

6.(a)
20 Marks

From passive resistors to armed revolutionaries, the Indian Freedom Struggle has a strong imprint of women freedom fighters. Elucidate.

6.(b)
15 Marks

When there are multiple stakeholders of power, conversation and consensus become the natural ingredients of governance. Analyze with respect to coalition politics.

6.(c)
15 Marks

Evaluate the Centre-State relation with reference to Article 293 and analyze its implications for the Indian federal structure.

7.(a)
20 Marks

Elucidate the prominent trends in voting behaviour in contemporary India, and discuss how astroturfing affects the scenario.

7.(b)
15 Marks

Highlight any five constitutional provisions that restrain the powers of the executive, and evaluate their effectiveness in current times.

7.(c)
15 Marks

Map the different types of ethnic conflicts that have emerged in 21st century India.

8.(a)
20 Marks

Discuss the causes and consequences of inter-State water disputes in India.

8.(b)
15 Marks

Critically comment on the shifts in the functioning of the Indian Parliament in the last two decades.

8.(c)
15 Marks

“The lack of political will in preventing environmental degradation is one of the major challenges that India is experiencing.” Comment.

UPSCTREE | #ATTO DEEPO BHAVA