Expert Guidance for
OPSC Mains.
Every Stage.

Paper I — Principles of Geography

Section A — Physical Geography

• Geomorphology: Origin of the earth, Physical conditions of the earth's interior; continental drift; isostasy; plate tectonics; mountain building; volcanism and earthquakes; weathering and erosion, Concepts of geomorphic cycles (Davis and Penck), Landforms associated with fluvial, arid, glacial, coastal and karst region, Polycyclic landforms.
• Climatology: Temperature and pressure belts of the world; heat budget of the earth; atmospheric circulation; planetary and local winds; monsoons and jet streams; air masses and fronts; temperate and tropical cyclones; types and distribution of precipitation; Koppen's and Thornthwaite's classification of world climate; hydrological cycle; climatic change.
• Oceanography: Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; temperature and salinity of the oceans; ocean deposits; ocean currents and tides; marine resources and their utilizations, Coral reefs.
• Biogeography: Genesis of soils; classification and distribution of soils; soil profile; soil erosion and conservation; factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals; problems of deforestation and conservation measures; social forestry, agroforestry.
• Environmental Geography: Concept and types of environment, Environmental degradation and management. Ecosystems and their management; Energy flow and Biogeochemical cycles, Global ecological imbalances — problems of pollution, global warming, reduction in bio-diversity and depletion of forests.

Section B — Human Geography

• Perspectives in Human Geography: Areal differentiation; regional synthesis; dichotomy and dualism; environmentalism; quantitative revolution and locational analysis; radical, behavioural, human and welfare approaches; Cultural regions of the world, Human development indicators.
• Economic Geography: World economic development — measurement and problems; world resources and their distribution; energy crisis; the limits to growth; World agriculture — typology of agricultural regions; Von-Thunen's theory of agricultural location; World industries — locational patterns and locational theories of Weber; Hoover, Losch and Smith, Patterns of world trade.
• Population Geography: Growth and distribution of world population; demographic attributes; causes and consequences of migration; concepts of over-, under- and optimum population; world population problems. Races of mankind.
• Settlement Geography: Types and patterns of rural settlements; hierarchy of urban settlements; Cristaller's Central Place Theory, concept of primate city and rank-size rule; functional classification of towns; sphere of urban influence; rural-urban fringe; satellite town; problems of urbanisation.
• Regional Planning: Concept of region; types of regions and methods of regionalisation; growth centres and growth poles; regional imbalances; multi-level planning; planning for sustainable development. Rostov Model of Stages of Growth.

Paper II — Geography of India with special reference to Odisha

Section A

• Physical Aspects: Structure and relief; drainage system and watersheds; physiographic regions; mechanism of Indian monsoons; tropical cyclones and western disturbances; floods and droughts; climatic regions; natural vegetation, soil types and their distributions.
• Resources: Concept and types of resources, land, water, energy, minerals, and biotic resources, their distribution, utilisation and conservation; energy crisis.
• Agriculture: Infrastructure — irrigation, seeds, fertilizers, power; Types of crops, agricultural productivity, agricultural intensity, crop combination, land capability; agro and social forestry; Green Revolution — its socio-economic and ecological implications; significance of dry farming; livestock resources and White Revolution; Blue Revolution; agricultural regionalisation; agro-climatic zones.
• Industry: History of industrial development; locational factors of cotton, jute, iron and steel, fertilizer and paper industries; industrial complexes and industrial regionalisation; new industrial policy; role of multinationals, liberalization and globalisation.
• Transport, Communication and Trade: Road, railway, waterway, airway and pipeline networks and their complementary roles in regional development; growing importance of ports on national and foreign trade, trade balance; free trade and export promotion zones; developments in communication technology and its impact on economy and society.

Section B

• Cultural Setting: Racial and ethnic diversities; major tribes, tribal areas and their problems; role of language, religion and tradition in the formation of cultural regions; growth, distribution and density of population; demographic attributes — sex-ratio, age structure, literacy rate, work-force, dependency ratio and longevity; migration and associated problems, population problems and policies.
• Settlements: Types, patterns and morphology of rural settlements; urban development; Census definition of urban areas; morphology of Indian cities; functional classification of Indian cities; conurbations and metropolitan regions; urban sprawl; slums and associated problems; town planning; problems of urbanisation.
• Regional Development and Planning: Experience of regional planning in India; Five Year Plans; integrated rural development programmes; Panchayati Raj and decentralised planning; command area development; watershed management; planning for backward area, desert, drought-prone, hill and tribal area development; multi-level planning.
• Political Aspects: Geographical basis of Indian federalism; state reorganisation; regional consciousness and national integration; international boundary of India and related issues; disputes on sharing of water resources; India and geopolitics of the Indian Ocean.
• Contemporary Issues: Environmental hazards — landslides, earthquakes, Tsunami, cyclones, floods and droughts, epidemics. Issues related to environmental pollution; changes in patterns of land use; principles of environmental impact assessment and environmental management; population explosion and food security; environmental degradation; Disasters in India and their management. Problems of agrarian and industrial unrest; regional disparities in economic development; concept of sustainable growth and development.

Paper I

Section A

• Sources of early Indian history.
• Early pastoral and agricultural communities.
• The Indus Civilization: its origins, nature and decline.
• Patterns of settlement, economy, social organization and religion in India (c. 2000 to 500 B.C.).
• Evolution of society and culture: evidence of Vedic texts (Samhitas to Sutras).
• Life & Teachings of Mahavira and Buddha. Contemporary society. Early phase of state formation and urbanization.
• Rise of Magadha; the Mauryan empire. Ashoka's inscriptions; his dhamma. Nature of the Mauryan state.
• Post-Mauryan period in India: Political and administrative history. Society, economy, culture and religion. Tamilaham and its society: the Sangam texts.
• India in the Gupta and post-Gupta periods (to c. 750): Political history of India; Samanta system and changes in political structure; economy; social structure; culture; religion.
• Themes in early Indian cultural history: languages and texts; major stages in the evolution of art and architecture; major philosophical thinkers and schools; ideas in science & Technology and mathematics.
• Kalinga War; Kharavela — achievements.
• Political History of Odisha (c.4th Century AD – 7th Century AD).

Section B

• India, 750–1200: Polity, society and economy. Major dynasties and political structures in North India. Agrarian structures. Feudalism in India. Rise of Rajputs. The Imperial Cholas and their contemporaries in South India. Village communities in the South. Conditions of women. Commerce — mercantile groups and guilds; towns. Problem of coinage. Arab conquest of Sind; the Ghazanavide empire.
• India, 750–1200: Culture, Literature, Kalhana as a historian. Styles of temple architecture; sculpture; Religious thought and institutions: Sankaracharya's Vedanta. Ramanuja. Growth of Bhakti, Advent of Islam in India; Sufism. Indian science. Alberuni and his study of Indian science and civilization.
• The 13th Century: The Ghorian invasions. Factors behind Ghorian success. Foundation of Delhi Sultanate. The "Slave" Dynasty. Iltutmish; Balban; Early Sultanate architecture.
• The 14th Century: Alauddin Khalji's conquests, agrarian and economic measures; Muhammad Tughluq's major "projects"; Firuz Tughluq's concessions and public works; Decline of the Sultanate; Foreign contacts: Ibn Battuta.
• Economy Society and Culture in the 13th and 14th centuries. Caste and slavery under Sultanate, Technological changes, Sultanate architecture, Persian literature: Amir Khusrau. Evolution of a composite culture, Sufism in North India, Lingayats, Bhakti schools in the south.
• The 15th and early 16th Century (Political History). Rise of Provincial Dynasties: Bengal, Kashmir, Gujarat, Malwa, Bahmanids, The Vijayanagra Empire. Lodis. Mughal Empire, First phase: Babur, Humayun. The Sur Empire: Sher Shah's administration. The Portuguese colonial enterprise.
• The 15th and early 16th Century (society, economy and culture). Regional cultures and literatures, provincial architectural styles. Society, culture, literature and the arts in Vijayanagara Empire. Monotheistic movements: Kabir and Nanak. Bhakti Movements: Chaitanya, Sufism in its pantheistic phase.
• Akbar: His conquests and consolidation of empire. Establishment of jagir and mansab systems. His Rajput policy. Evolution of religious and social outlook. Theory of Sulh-i-kul and religious policy. Abul Fazl, thinker and historian. Court patronage of art and technology.
• Mughal empire during 17th & 18th Centuries. Major policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb. The Empire and the Zamindars. Nature of the Mughal state. Late 17th Century crisis: Revolts. Shivaji and the early Maratha kingdom; Decline of Mughals. Maratha ascendancy under the Peshwas.
• Economy and Society, 16th and 17th Centuries. Population. Agricultural and craft production. Towns; Trade and Commerce with Europe through Dutch, English and French companies; Indian mercantile classes. Banking, insurance and credit systems. Conditions of peasants, famines. Condition of Women.
• Culture during Mughal Empire. Persian literature (including historical works). Hindi and religious literatures. Mughal architecture. Mughal Painting. Provincial schools of architecture and painting. Classical music. Science and technology. Sawai Jai Singh as astronomer. Mystic eclecticism: Dara Shukoh. Vaishnav Bhakti. Maharastra Dharma. Evolution of the Sikh community (Khalsa).
• Medieval Odisha: The Bhaumakaras and the Somavamsis; The Imperial Gangas and Suryavamsi Gajapatis; Cult of Jagannatha.

Paper II

Section A

• Establishment of British rule in India: Factors behind British success against Indian powers — Mysore, Maratha Confederacy and the Punjab as major powers in resistance; Policy of Subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse.
• Colonial Economy: Drain of wealth and "deindustrialisation", Fiscal pressures and revenue settlements (Zamindari, Ryotwari and Mahalwari settlements); Structure of the British Raj up to 1857.
• Resistance to Colonial rule: Causes, nature and impact of the Revolt of 1857; Reorganization of the Raj: 1858 and after.
• Socio-cultural impact of colonial rule: Official social reform measures (1828–57); Orientalist-Anglicist controversy; coming of English education and the press; Christian missionary activities; Bengal Renaissance; Social and religious reform movements; Women as focus of social reform.
• Economy 1858–1914: Railways; Commercialisation of Indian agriculture; Growth of landless labourers and rural indebtedness; Famines; India as market for British industry; Limited growth of modern industry.
• Early Indian Nationalism: Social background; Formation of national associations; Foundation of the Indian National Congress; The Moderate phase; Growth of Extremism; The Indian Council Act of 1909; Home Rule Movement; The Government of India Act of 1919.
• Inter-War economy of India: Industries and problem of Protection; Agricultural distress; the Great Depression; Ottawa agreements and Discriminatory Protection; the growth of trade unions; The Kisan Movement; The economic programme of the Congress; Karachi resolution, 1931.
• Nationalism under Gandhi's leadership: Gandhi's career, thought and methods of mass mobilisation; Rowlatt Satyagraha, Khilafat, Non Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, 1940 Satyagraha and Quit India Movement; States' People's Movement.
• Other strands of the National Movement: Revolutionary movements since 1905; Constitutional politics; Ideas of Jawaharlal Nehru; The Left (Socialists and Communists); Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army; Communal strands; Women in the National Movement.
• Towards Freedom: The Act of 1935; Congress Ministries, 1937–1939; The Pakistan Movement; Post-1945 upsurge (RIN Mutiny, Telengana uprising); Constitutional negotiations and the Transfer of Power, 15 August 1947.
• First phase of Independence (1947–64): Facing the consequences of Partition; Gandhiji's murder; Integration of States; The democratic constitution, 1950; Agrarian reforms; Building an industrial welfare state; Planning and industrialisation; Foreign policy of Non-alignment; Relations with neighbours.
• Odisha under Colonial rule and after: British Conquest of Odisha — Khurda Rebellion (1817) — Kandha Rebellions — Resistance Movement under Surendra Sai — Odia Movement — Nationalist Movement — Merger of States.

Section B — World History

• Enlightenment and Modern ideas: Renaissance Background; Major Ideas of Enlightenment: Kant, Rousseau; Spread of Enlightenment outside Europe; Rise of socialist ideas (to Marx).
• Origins of Modern Politics: European States System; American Revolution and the Constitution; French revolution and aftermath, 1789–1815; British Democratic Politics, 1815–1850.
• Industrialization: English Industrial Revolution: Causes and Impact on Society; Industrialization in other countries: USA, Germany, Russia, Japan; Socialist Industrialization: Soviet and Chinese.
• Nation-State System: Rise of Nationalism in 19th century; Nationalism: state-building in Germany and Italy; Disintegration of Empires through the emergence of nationalities.
• Imperialism and Colonialism: Colonial System; Types of Empire; Imperialism and Free Trade: The New Imperialism.
• Revolution and Counter-Revolution: 19th Century European revolutions; The Russian Revolution of 1917–1921; Fascist Counter-Revolution, Italy and Germany; The Chinese Revolution of 1949.
• World Wars: 1st and 2nd World Wars as Total Wars: Societal Implications; World War I: Causes and Consequences; World War II: Political Consequence.
• Cold War: Emergence of Two Blocs; Integration of West Europe and US Strategy; Emergence of Third World and Non-Alignment; UN and Dispute Resolution.
• Colonial Liberation: Latin America — Bolivia; Arab World — Egypt; Africa — Apartheid to Democracy; South-East Asia — Vietnam.
• Decolonization and Underdevelopment: Break up of colonial Empires: British, French, Dutch; Factors constraining Development: Latin America, Africa.
• Unification of Europe: Post-War Foundations: NATO and European Community; Consolidation and Expansion of European Community/European Union.
• Soviet Disintegration and the Unipolar World: Factors in the collapse of Soviet communism and the Soviet Union, 1985–1991; Political Changes in East Europe 1989–1992; End of the Cold War and US Ascendancy in the World; Globalization.

Paper I — Political Theory & Indian Government

Section A — Political Theory

• Approaches to the study of political theory: historical, normative and empirical.
• Theories of state: Liberal, Marxist, Post-colonial.
• State Sovereignty: Monistic and Pluralistic theories; globalisation and the State.
• Democracy: Democratic theory — classical and contemporary.
• Human Rights: Theories of Human Rights; Theories of Justice, Equality and Revolution, Political obligation.
• Theories of Political Culture and Political Economy.
• Political Ideologies: Nature of Ideology; Liberalism, Socialism, Marxism, Fascism and Gandhism.
• Theories of Power and Hegemony: Pareto, Mosca, Mitchels, C. Wright Mills, Weber and Gramsci.
• Indian Political Thought: Manu, Kautilya, M.N. Roy, Gandhi and Ambedkar.
• Western Political Thought: Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, J S Mill, Hegel and Marx, Lenin, and Mao Zedong.

Section B — Indian Government and Politics

• Indian Nationalism: Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Dadabhai Naoroji, Tilak, Gandhi, Nehru, Subhas Bose and Ambedkar.
• Indian freedom struggle: Constitutionalism, Revolutionary movements, Non Cooperation, Civil Disobedience and Quit India, Role of women.
• Constitutional Development in the pre-Independence Era: Morley-Minto Reforms; Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms; Government of India Act, 1919 and 1935; Cripps Mission.
• Socio-economic dimensions of the nationalist movement: The communal question and the demand for partition; backward caste movements, Trade union and Peasant movements, Civil rights movement.
• Salient Features of the Indian Constitution: The Preamble, Fundamental Rights and Duties, Directive Principles; federalism, parliamentary system; amending procedures; judicial review.
• The Executive System: President, Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers; Governor, Chief Minister and the State Council of Ministers. The Bureaucracy.
• Parliament: Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha and Parliamentary Committees.
• Judiciary: The Supreme Court and the High Courts; Judicial Activism.
• Statutory institutions/commissions — UPSC, Election Commission, Comptroller and Auditor General, Backward Classes Commission, National Commission for women; National Human Rights Commission; Minorities Commission.
• Party System: ideology and social base of parties; fragmentation and regionalization; patterns of coalition politics; trends in electoral behaviour; Pressure groups.
• Class, caste, backward class and Dalit movements; Tribal people's movements, gender in Indian politics and women's movements; ethnicity; communalism, and politics of regionalism.
• Planning and Socio-Economic Development: Role of the Planning Commission; Socio-political dimensions of economic reforms.
• Local Governance: Panchayati Raj and municipal government; significance of 73rd and 74th Amendments. Women's empowerment.
• State Politics in Odisha: Social bases of Odia Nationalism; Freedom Movement and Praja Mandal Movements; Integration of Princely States in Odisha; Coalition Politics, People's Movement and Women's Movement.

Paper II — International Politics

Section A — International Politics

• International System: Evolution; The Modern State and Sovereign State System.
• Concepts of International politics: Power, balance of power, national interest, collective security.
• Theories of International politics: Idealist, Realist, Systems, Decision-making and Game Theory.
• Determinants of foreign policy: Ideology, Domestic compulsions, geopolitics, and global order.
• Origin and decline of Cold War, New World Order.
• Major issues of world politics: Cuban Missile Crisis; Vietnam War, Oil Crisis, Collapse of the Soviet Union, Yugoslav Crisis, Afghan Crisis, Iraq War.
• Non-alignment: Nonaligned Movement; Its relevance in the post cold war era.
• Disarmament and Arms Control.
• The evolution of the international economic order — from Bretton woods to WTO, the North-South dimension.
• UN and its specialized agencies.
• Regional organizations: ASEAN, EU, SAARC.
• Global Concerns: Human Rights, Ecology, Gender Justice.

Section B — India and the World

• Indian Foreign Policy: Historical origins, determinants; the institutions of policymaking; continuity and change.
• The Non-Alignment Movement: India's Contribution to NAM; Its contemporary relevance.
• India and the major powers: USA, EU, China, and Russia.
• India and its neighbours: Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal.
• Conflict and co-operation in South and South East Asia: Kashmir, SAARC, ASEAN.
• India's Nuclear Policy: PNE, NPT, CTBT.
• India and the UN System: India's role in UN Peace Keeping and global disarmament.
• India and the international economic order: WTO, IMF, IBRD, Globalization.

Paper I — Foundations of Sociology

• Sociology — The Discipline: Sociology as a science and as an interpretative discipline; impact of Industrial and French Revolution on the emergence of sociology; sociology and its relationship with history, economics, political science, psychology and anthropology.
• Scientific Study of Social Phenomena: Problem of objectivity and value neutrality; issue of measurement in social science; elements of scientific method — concepts, theory and fact, hypothesis; research designs — descriptive, exploratory and experimental, content analysis.
• Techniques of data collection and analysis: Participant and quasi-participant observation; interview, questionnaire and schedule, case study, sampling — size, reliability and validity, scaling techniques — social distance and Likert scale.
• Pioneering contributions: Karl Marx — Historical materialism, alienation and class struggle; Emile Durkheim — Division of labour, social fact, religion and society, suicide; Max Weber — Social action, ideal types, authority, bureaucracy, protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism; Talcott Parsons — Social system, pattern variables; Robert K. Merton — Latent and manifest functions, anomie, conformity and deviance, reference groups.
• Marriage and Family: Types and forms of marriage; family — structure and function; personality and socialization; Social control; family, lineage, descent and property; changing structure of family and marriage in modern society; divorce and its implications; role conflicts.
• Social Stratification: Concepts — hierarchy, inequality and stratification; theories of stratification — Marx, Davis and Moore and Melvin Tumin's critique; forms and functions; class — different conceptions; class-in-itself and class-for-itself; caste and class.
• Social Mobility: Types of mobility — open and closed models; intra- and inter-generational mobility; vertical and horizontal mobility; social mobility and social change.
• Economic System: Sociological dimensions of economic life; social aspects of division of labour and types of exchange; features of pre-industrial and industrial economic system; industrialisation and social change; social determinants of economic development.
• Political System: The nature of power — personal power, community power, power of the elite, class power, organisational power, power of the un-organised masses; authority and legitimacy; pressure groups and political parties; voting behaviour; modes of political participation.
• Educational System: Education and Culture; equality of educational opportunity; social aspects of mass education; problems of universalisation of primary education; education as an instrument of social control and social change; education and modernisation.
• Religion: Origins of religious beliefs in pre-modern societies; the sacred and the profane; social functions and dysfunctions of religion; monistic and pluralistic religion; organised and unorganised religions; semitism and antisemitism; religion, sect and cults; magic, religion and science.
• Social Change and Gender Issues: Social construction of gender, Equality vs. Differences, impact of globalization on women, emergence of feminist thought, gender issues.

Paper II — Indian Society

• Historical Moorings of the Indian Society: Traditional Hindu social organisation; socio-cultural dynamics through the ages; impact of Buddhism, Islam, and the West, factors in continuity and change.
• Caste System: Origin of the caste system; cultural and structural views about caste; mobility in caste; caste among Muslims and Christians; change and persistence of caste in modern India; issues of equality and social justice; views of Gandhi and Ambedkar on caste; caste and Indian polity; Backward Classes Movement; Mandal Commission Report; emergence of Dalit consciousness.
• Class Structure: Class structure in India, agrarian and industrial class structure; emergence of middle class; emergence of classes among tribes; elite formation in India.
• Marriage, Family and Kinship: Marriage among different religious and tribal groups, its changing trends and its future; family — its structural and functional aspects — its changing forms; regional variations in kinship systems and its socio-cultural correlates; impact of legislation and socioeconomic change on marriage and family; generation gap.
• Agrarian Social Structure: Peasant society and agrarian systems; land tenure systems — historical perspectives, social consequences of land reforms and green revolution; feudalism-semi-feudalism debates; emerging agrarian class structure; peasant movements.
• Industry and Society: Path of industrialisation, occupational diversification, trade unions and human relations; market economy and its social consequences; economic reforms — liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation.
• Political Processes: Working of the democratic political system in a traditional society; political parties and their social base; social structural origins of political elites; regionalism, pluralism and national unity; decentralisation of power; panchayati raj.
• Education: Directive Principles of State Policy and primary education; educational inequality and change; education and social mobility; universalisation of primary education; Total Literacy Campaigns; educational problems of disadvantaged groups.
• Religion and Society: Size, growth and regional distribution of different religious groups; problems of religious minorities; communal tensions; secularism; conversions; religious fundamentalism; religious reform movements.
• Tribal Societies: Distinctive features of tribal communities; problems of tribal communities — land alienation, health and nutrition, education; tribal development efforts after independence; tribal policy — isolation, assimilation and integration; issues of tribal identity.
• Social Change and Development: Endogenous and exogenous sources of change; processes of change — sanskritisation and modernisation; agents of change — mass media, education and communication; problems of change and modernisation; structural contradictions and breakdowns; Migration, population growth, population policy and family welfare programmes.
• Major Social Issues: Poverty, indebtedness, bonded labour, unemployment, depletion of forests, development related displacement, corruption, alcoholism, AIDS, drug addiction, violence against women, dowry. Child labour; Maternal and infant mortality rate in Odisha.

Paper I

Section A — Food & Nutrition

• Study of Foods: Importance, Composition, nutritive value of Cereals, Pulses, Vegetables and Fruits, Fleshy foods (Meat, Fish, Poultry, Egg), Milk & Milk products, Fats and oils.
• Study of Nutrients: Classification, sources, function, requirement and deficiencies of Proteins, Fats, Carbohydrates, Minerals, Vitamins, Water and Roughages.
• Utilisation of Food: Digestion, absorption and metabolism of Proteins, Fat and Carbohydrates. Basal metabolism and factors affecting BMR. Total energy requirement and factors affecting requirement.
• Therapeutic Nutrition: Therapeutic adoption of normal diets, Factors to be considered in planning therapeutic diets. Dietary management in case of Diabetes, Nephritis, Peptic ulcer, Hypertension, Atherosclerosis, Liver Cirrhosis and hepatitis.
• Food spoilage: Causes of food spoilage and food contamination. Food adulteration and food poisoning, measuring quality of food, control of food quality (Codex Alimentarius, BIS, FPO, Ag mark, ISI).
• Malnutrition: Causes and effect of malnutrition on the vulnerable section of the society, effect of malnutrition on national development. Measures to combat malnutrition — National nutrition policy and programmes. Role of ICDS, WHO, UNICEF, NIN, NFI, CFTRI, FTRI, NNMB.

Section B — Human Development and Family Studies

• Basis of human development: How life begins, role of genetic and environment factors affecting human development, stages and factors affecting pre-natal growth and development.
• Development of children (0-5 years): Physical and Motor development, Intellectual development (Piaget's stages), Development of emotion, Speech development, Social development, Personality development.
• Exceptional Children: Meaning, Classification. Management and care of Gifted, Mentally and Physically challenged and Sensory impaired children.
• Adolescent Development: Physical and sexual development, Social and Emotional changes, Development of aspiration and achievement, Personality development and Family relationships.
• Family life cycle: Significance, stages and developmental task and problems associated with each stage. Contemporary family problems — Marital problems, Financial, Sickness, Accidents, Dowry, Divorce, Old age, Employed Women. Strengthening families through counseling.

Paper II

Section A — (i) Family Resource Management

• Management of family Resources: Time management — Time demand during life cycle, Tools in time management, Leisure time, factors to be considered in making time plan. Energy management — Relation of energy to stages of family life cycle, energy cost of household tasks, work simplification techniques.
• Money management: Family income, stages of family life cycle and use of money, budgeting, saving and investing the money for future. Supplementing family income.
• Housing and Interior decoration: Selection of site, house layout, floor plans, space distribution with reference to activities, building components and materials. Furnishing: types, planning, obtaining information, evaluating cost, principles of interior designing.

Section A — (ii) Textile and Clothing

• Textile fibers: Classification according to sources and chemical composition, manufacturing process, physical, chemical and other properties of Cotton, Wool, Silk, Rayon, Acrylic, Polyester.
• Fiber to Fabric: Construction yarn making process, Types of yarns, fabric construction techniques, Weaving, parts of loom, Types of weaves; Fabric finishes, Different dyeing and printing methods.
• Wardrobe Planning: Colour combination in textile designing, criteria of selection of clothes for different age groups, climatic conditions and occasions for men, women and children.

Section B — Home Science Extension Education

• Extension Education: Concept, philosophy, objectives and scope. Role and qualities of extension worker. Need for Home-Science Extension Education.
• Extension Education & Development: Objectives of Home-Science Extension Education, Development aspects of extension, Extension as a programme and process, Field covered, financing, planning and characteristic of extension.
• Programme planning: Meaning, nature, principle and scope, steps of making a programme, characteristic of a good programme, planning, programme implementation and evaluation.
• Communication in Extension: Importance, elements of Communication, Communication process, Communication models, scope and purpose of communication, Communication channels.
• Community Development: Concept, scope, principles and limitation of Community development and Community Organization. Community Development programmes — objectives, principles and types. Role of Panchayati Raj, Village Schools, Cooperatives, Mahila mandals, Youth and farmers club, Self help Groups, Government and non-Governmental agencies.
• Teaching & Learning in extension: Education, extension teaching methods, classification and selection of appropriate method, feature, advantage and limitation of different methods of teaching (mass, group, individual). Audiovisual aids — planning, selection and types.

Paper I — Physical/Biological Anthropology & Human Genetics

• Unit I — Meaning and Scope: Meaning and Scope of Anthropology; Relationship with other disciplines; Main Branches: Social/Cultural, Physical/Biological, Archaeological Anthropology; Living Primates: Classification, Comparative morphology, anatomy and phylogeny of man and apes, Primate Locomotion, Skeletal changes due to assumption of erect posture.
• Fossil Evidences of Human Evolution: Pre-pleistocene fossil primates, South and East African Hominids (Australopithecus Africanus, Paranthropus), Homo erectus, Homo Heidelbergensis, Neanderthal Man, Rhodesian Man, Homo Sapiens — Cro-Magnon, Grimaldi, Chancellade.
• Organic Evolution: Theories of evolution in historical perspective, Pre-Darwinian, Darwinian and Post Darwinian Period (Neo Darwinism). Modern Synthetic theory of evolution. Terms: parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, mosaic evolution.
• Human Race: Concept of Race and racism. Biological perspective of race. Different factors responsible for race formation and racial criteria. Role of heredity and environment. Major races of the world, their distribution and characteristics.
• Unit II — Human Genetics: Concept, scope and major branches of human genetics. Pedigree study, Family study, Twin Study, Cytogenetic Method and Biometry. Mendelian population. Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. Mutation, isolation, migration, admixture, selection, genetic drift, inbreeding and social selection. Consanguineous and non-consanguineous marriage.
• Mendelian Genetics in Man: Autosomal inheritance, Sex linked and Sex limited inheritance. Inheritance of abnormal traits — hemophilia, thalassemia, colour blindness, Sickle Cell anemia, Albinism, Achondroplasia, Hairy pinna, Baldness and Cleft Palate.
• Lethal and Sub-Lethal Genes: Multifactorial and Polygenic inheritance. Sex Chromosomal aberrations: Klinefelter, Turner, Super female and Inter sex. Autosomal aberration: Down Syndrome, Edward and Cri-du-chat Syndromes. Population variation in genetic markers: ABO, Rh Blood Groups.
• Genetic Counseling: Diagnosis of genetic diseases, Mode of inheritance and Risk recurrence, Prenatal diagnosis, Genetic disease and Gene Therapy, Gene mapping and Genome Study.
• Unit III — Human Growth: Concept of Human Growth and development, Stages of Growth, Factors affecting growth — Genetic, Environmental, Hormonal, Nutritional, Cultural, Socio-economic. Ageing and senescence. Human physique and somatotypes.
• Unit IV — Reproductive Biology: Concept of Reproductive Biology, demography and population study. Reproductive physiology of male and female. Biological aspects of human fertility. Relevance of menarche, menopause and other bioevents. Fertility patterns and differentials. Demographic Theories, Demographic methods — census, registration system, sample survey methods.
• Unit V — Applications: Applied human genetics — Paternity diagnosis, genetic counseling and eugenics. Anthropometry in designing defense and other equipment. Nutritional Anthropometry, Forensic Anthropology, Anthropogenetics in medicine. Anthropology of sports.
• Unit VI — Cultural Evolution: Broad outlines of pre-historic cultures in Europe and India — Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Copper-Bronze Age, Iron Age.
• Unit VII — Social Anthropology: Family — Definition, types, household. Kinship — Definition, incest and exogamy, Principles of descent, types and functions, Unilineal, bilateral and double descent. Marriage — Definition, types, mode of acquiring mates, Regulation of marriage, Marriage, prestation, dowry and bride price. Religion — Definitions, Anthropological approaches, Magic, witchcraft and sorcery. Primitive Economy — Modes of subsistence, Exchange. Political organizations — band, tribe, chiefdom, state. Social stratification — status and class, social mobility.
• Unit VIII — Culture: Definition and nature, paradoxes of culture. Approaches to the study of culture and society — classical evolutionism, neoevolutionism, cultural ecology, historical particularism and diffusionism, structural-functionalism, culture and personality, transactionalism, symbolism, cognitive approach, post structuralism and post-modernism.
• Unit IX — Development Anthropology: Concepts of development, planning and planned development, participatory development. Anthropology and Resettlement. Culture ecology and sustainable development. Types of comparative methods in social and cultural anthropology.
• Unit X — Research Methods: Basic techniques of data collection — Interview & observation, participant and non participant, schedules, questionnaire, case study methods, extended case study, life histories, genealogical method, PRA, FGD. Analysis, Interpretation and Presentation of data.
• Unit XI — Ethnicity: Dynamics of ethnicity at rural, tribal, urban and international levels. Ethnic conflicts and political developments. Concept of ethnic boundaries. Ethnicity and concept of nation state.
• Unit XII — Ecological Anthropology: Concepts and Methods. Adaptation — social and cultural. Deterministic theories — a critique. Resources — biological, nonbiological and sustainable development. Biological application — climatic, environmental, nutritional and genetic.

Paper II — Indian Society and Culture

• Unit I — Tribal Situation in India: Biogenetic variability, linguistic and socio-economic characteristics of the tribal populations and their distribution. Problems of the tribal communities — land alienation, poverty, indebtedness, low literacy, unemployment, malnutrition. Development Impact of Projects — problems and issues of Tribal Rehabilitation and Resettlement. Forest Policy and tribals. Impact of urbanization and Industrialisation.
• Unit II — Demographic Profile of India: Ethnic and linguistic elements in the Indian Population and their distribution.
• Unit III — Traditional Indian Social System: Varnashram, Purushartha, Karma, Rebirth. Theories on the origin of Caste System, Jajmani System, Structural basis of inequality. Impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity on Indian Society.
• Unit IV — Emergence of Anthropology in India: Growth and Development — contributions of the 19th century and early 20th Century scholars and administrators. Contributions of Indian Anthropologists to tribal and caste studies.
• Unit V — Salient Features of Indian Society: Approaches to the study of Indian Society and Culture. Village studies in India, Changing village India. Linguistics and religious minorities — social, political and economic status.
• Unit VI — Exploitation and Deprivation: Problems of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes. Protective legislations. Social change and contemporary tribal societies: Impact of modern democratic institutions, PESA Act. Emergence of ethnicity, tribal movements and quest for identity.
• Unit VII — Social Change and Development among Tribes: During colonial and post-Independent India.
• Unit VIII — Administration of Tribal Areas: History of administration, tribal policies, plans, programmes of tribal development and their implementation. Role of NGOs. Role of Anthropology in tribal and rural development. Contributions of Anthropology to the Understanding of regionalism, communalism, ethnic and political movements.

Paper I

Section A — History of Philosophy (Western)

• Plato: Theory of Ideas.
• Aristotle: Form, Matter and Causation.
• Descartes: Cartesian Method, Certain Knowledge, God, Mind-Body Dualism.
• Spinoza: Substance, Attribute, Modes, Pantheism.
• Leibnitz: Monads, Pre-established Harmony.
• Locke: Theory of Knowledge, Rejection of Innate Ideas, Substance and Qualities.
• Berkeley: Immaterialism, God, Criticism of Representative Theory of Perception.
• Hume: Theory of knowledge, Scepticism, Self, Causality.
• Kant: Reconciliation of Empiricism and Rationalism, Space, Time, Categories, Possibility of Synthetic Apriori Judgments, Ideas of Reason, Antinomies, Criticism of the Proofs for the Existence of God.
• Hegel: Dialectical Method, Absolute Idealism.
• Precursors of Linguistic Analysis: Moore (Defense of Common Sense, Refutation of Idealism), Russell (Theory of Description).
• Logical Positivism: Theory of Verification and Rejection of Metaphysics.
• Phenomenology: Hussrel.
• Existentialism: Kierkegaard, Sartre.

Section B — Indian Philosophy

• Carvaka: Theory of Knowledge, Materialism.
• Jainism: Theory of Reality, Saptabhangi Nyaya, Bondage and Liberation.
• Buddhism: Pratityasamutpada, Ksanikavada, Nairatmyavada, Nirvana, Vijnanavada, Sunyavada.
• Samkhya: Theory of Causation, Prakriti, Purusa, Theory of Evolution.
• Nyaya & Vaisesika: Theory of Pramana, Self, Liberation, Proofs for the Existence of God, Categories, Theory of Causation, Atomistic Theory of Creation.
• Mimamsa: Theory of Knowledge and Error.
• Vedanta: Sankara and Ramanuja on Brahman, Isvara, Atman, Jiva, Jagat, Maya, Moksa.

Paper II

Section A — Socio-Political Philosophy

• Political Ideals: Equality, Justice, Liberty.
• Individual and State.
• Democracy: Concept and Forms.
• Socialism and Marxism.
• Humanism.
• Secularism.
• Human Rights.
• Theories of Punishment.
• Coexistence and Violence, Sarvodaya.
• Gender Equality.
• Scientific Temper and Progress.
• Philosophy of Ecology.

Section B — Philosophy of Religion

• Notions of God: Personalistic, Impersonalistic, Naturalistic.
• Proofs for the Existence of God and their criticism.
• Grounds for Disbelief in God and their criticisms.
• Problem of Evil.
• Religious Language, Reason, Revelation and Mysticism.
• Karma, Rebirth and Reincarnation.
• Soul, Disembodied Existence and Immortality.